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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Energy Codes Program supports the upgrade and implementation of building energy codes and standards, which set minimum requirements for energyefficient design and construction for new and renovated buildings, and impact energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for the life of buildings. Continuous improvement of building energy efficiency is achieved by periodically updating model energy codes for commercial and residential buildings. Through consensus-based code development processes, DOE recommends revisions and amendments, supporting technologically feasible and economically justified energy efficiency measures. Ensuring that model code changes impacting the cost of building construction, maintenance, and energy services are cost-effective also encourages their adoption and implementation at the state and local levels. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) prepared this analysis to support DOE in evaluating the energy and economic impacts associated with updated codes in commercial buildings. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the cost-effectiveness of the 2013 edition of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 1 Standard 90.1 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 2013). Standard 90.1 is developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1. It is the model energy standard for commercial and multifamily residential buildings over three floors (42 USC 6833). PNNL analyzed the cost-effectiveness of changes in Standard 90.1 from 90.1-2010 to 90.1-2013, as applied in commercial buildings across the United States. During the development of new editions of Standard 90.1, the cost-effectiveness of individual changes (addenda) is often calculated to support the deliberations of ASHRAE Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1. The ASHRAE process, however, does not include analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the entire package of addenda from one edition of the standard to the next, which is of particular interest to adopting State and local governments. Providing States with an analysis of costeffectiveness may encourage more rapid adoption of newer editions of energy codes based on Standard 90.1. This information may also inform the development of future editions of Standard 90.1.To establish the cost-effectiveness of Standard 90.1-2013, three main tasks were addressed:• Identification of building elements impacted by the updated standard • Allocation of associated installation, maintenance, and replacement costs • Cost-effectiveness analysis of required changes In addition to installation, maintenance, and replacement costs, energy cost differences were needed to determine cost-effectiveness. The energy costs for each edition of Standard 90.1 were determined previously under the development of Standard 90.1-2013, as described below.The current analysis builds on the previous PNNL analysis (as outlined in Section 5.2) of the energy use and energy cost saving impacts of Standard 90.1-2013 compared to pre...

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This project was conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Building Energy Codes Program (BECP). DOE's BECP supports the upgrading of the building energy codes and standards, and the states' adoption, implementation, and enforcement of those codes and standards as they are incrementally upgraded. Building energy codes and standards set minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and construction for new and renovated buildings, and impact energy use and emissions for the life of buildings. They are part of a broader set of documents which govern the design and construction of buildings for the health and life safety of occupants. Energy codes and standards set a baseline for energy efficiency in construction by establishing minimum energy-efficiency requirements. Improving these documents generates consistent and longlasting energy savings.When the model energy codes and standards for buildings are being updated, BECP reviews the technical and economic basis of these documents. For commercial and multi-family high-rise residential buildings, which are the subject of this report, the basis for the energy codes is the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 1 Standard 90.1.

iv including plug and process loads. Chapter 5 and Appendix C of this report present these energy simulation results as used in the cost-effectiveness analysis. The energy saving analysis of Standard 90.1 in the report described above utilized a suite of 16 prototype EnergyPlus building models. Prototypes were simulated in 17 climate locations representing all eight U.S. climate zones. The cost-effectiveness analysis in this report used a subset of prototypes and climate locations, providing coverage of nearly all of the changes in Standard 90.1 from the 2007 to 2010 edition that affect energy savings, equipment and construction costs, and maintenance, including conventional HVAC systems used in commercial buildings. Each prototype building was analyzed in each climate location for a total of 30 cost-effectiveness assessments. The following prototype buildings and climate locations were included in the analysis: Prototypes Climate Locations Small Office 2A Houston, Texas (hot, humid) Large Office 4A Baltimore, Maryland (mixed, humid) Standalone Retail 3A Memphis, Tennessee (warm, humid) Primary School 5A Chicago, Illinois (cool, humid) Small Hotel 3B Albuquerque, New Mexico (hot, dry) Mid-rise Apartment A primary input to the cost-effectiveness analysis was the incremental costs for the addenda to 90.1-2007 that were included in 90.1-2010. Of the 109 total addenda to 90.1-2007, 41 had quantified energy savings that were modeled in the 90.1-2010 energy savings analysis. The remaining addenda were not considered to have quantifiable savings, or do not affect the sections of 90.1 that directly impact building energy usage. Of the 41 addenda with quantified energy savings, 38 were modeled in the six prototypes and were included with the cost estimate. The remaining three addenda affect building systems that were not included in the prototypes. vi Table ES-1 Summary of Cost-effectiveness Analysis Prototype Climate Zone

This report was .prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of t h e United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by t h e United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products., Images are produced from the best available original document.The SAVEnergy Program provides direct assistance to Federal agencies in identifying and implementing energy and water conservation measures. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the Executive Order ,12902 require that Federal agencies reduce the energy consumed in Federal buildings. The Executive Order increased the goal to a 30% reduction by 2005 compared to 1985 levels. In addition, agencies are required, to the maximum extent possible, to install dl energy and water conservation measures with payback of less than 10 years.To help meet these goals, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE'S) Office of Federal Energy Management Programs (FEMP) has initiated the SAVEnergy program. The SAVEnergy program approach has three key elements:The Action Plan with recommended conservation actions and complete proposals on how the agency can implement them.The Action Team to implement the SAVEnergy Action Plan.A project-tracking database to evaluate the SAVEnergy program and record progress toward conservation goals.The SAVEnergy Action Plan enables facility energy managers to identify and implement costeffective projects, using the full spectrum of resources available through the agency. F E W , utilities, and other sources. It gives energy managers a detailed description of how they can translate specific energy conservation measures into real projects, including budget requirements and potential financing options.The Action Plan starts with an energy and water conservation audit of the facility. In addition to collecting data on energy and water use, the auditors develop and evaluate conservation alternatives, using a fuel-neutral approach. The auditors also provide a report to help the agency and FEMP follow up on the project. The SAVEnergy Action Plan has several components. The Plan Lists several low-or no-cost operation and maintenance changes that will generate immediate savings.Lists the top projects recommended for implementation based on less than 10-year simple payback and Federal life-cycle costing.Suggests funding sources to complete these projects. The funding sources could include agency funds, FEMP's Federal Energy Efficiency Fund, or leveraging of non-Federal financial incentives, such as utility demand-side management (DSM) programs.Lists other resources necessary for starting these projects to make it easier for the facility manager to start and complete a project.iii Energy and Water Conservation Action Plan Executive SummaryOn December 20 and 21, 1994, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)(a) conducted a S AVEnergy Audit of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service, Noflhwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle, Washington. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of all energy-consuming equipment in the facility, to estimate energy consumption and demand by end-use and to recommend energy conservati...

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