Fiber intake is lower and added sugar and saturated fat intakes are higher than recommended for >50% of the Mexican population aged ≥1 y. These results highlight the importance of improving the diets of the overall population to reduce the risk of noncommunicable chronic diseases.

Objective. To describe the methodology used to clean up and estimate dietary intake (DI) data from the SemiQuantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ) of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. Materials and methods. DI was collected through a shortterm SFFQ regarding 140 foods (from October 2011 to May 2012). Energy and nutrient intake was calculated according to a nutrient database constructed specifically for the SFFQ. Results. A total of 133 nutrients including energy and fiber were generated from SFFQ data. Between 4.8 and 9.6% of the survey sample was excluded as a result of the cleaning process. Valid DI data were obtained regarding energy and nutrients consumed by 1 212 pre-school children, 1 323 school children, 1 961 adolescents, 2 027 adults and 526 older adults. Conclusions. We documented the methodology used to clean up and estimate DI from the SFFQ used in national dietary assessments in Mexico.

A high percentage of the population do not consume fruits, vegetables and plain water daily.

recomendables y no recomendables para consumo cotidianoy su asociación con características sociodemográficas enpoblación mexicana. Material y métodos. Informacióntomada de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19, utilizando un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumode alimentos. Se estimaron cuartiles de consumo de sietegrupos de alimentos por grupo poblacional. Se analizó laasociación del consumo con tipo de localidad, región y tercilesde condición de bienestar (ICB). Resultados. Pertenecera localidades urbanas, región norte e ICB medio y alto seasoció con mayor posibilidad de estar en los cuartiles másaltos de consumo de huevo y lácteos y carnes procesadas,mientras que la región sur se asoció con mayor consumo deleguminosas y bebidas endulzadas. Conclusión. En el surde México se consume más frutas, pero menos leguminosas,huevo y lácteos, mientras que en localidades urbanas seconsume más carnes procesadas, botanas, dulces y postres.

Objetivo. Estudiar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con los cambios percibidos en la alimentación durante el confinamiento por Covid-19 en México. Material y métodos. El nivel de inseguridad alimentaria se obtuvo utilizando la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA) en 9 933 hogares de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua 2020 Covid-19 (Ensanut -Continua- 2020 Covid-19). Los cambios en el consumo de grupos de alimentos durante el confinamiento se clasificaron en negativos, positivos o sin cambios durante el confinamiento. La asociación entre cambios en la alimentación e inseguridad alimentaria se analizó con modelos multinomiales ajustados por características sociodemográficas del hogar. Resulta­dos. Los hogares con reducción en el gasto en alimentos e inseguridad alimentaria severa mostraron mayor probabilidad de tener cambios negativos en su alimentación (0.43, IC95%: 0.40-0.46). Conclusiones. La inseguridad alimentaria severa se asocia con cambios negativos en la alimentación durante el confinamiento por Covid-19, en hogares con reducción del gasto en alimentos.

Quantile and logistic regression models were used to obtain medians and marginal effects of each nutrient, adjusting by confounders and survey design. Results. Dietary intake of energy and nutrients was similar in both surveys. Most common micronutrients at risk of dietary deficiency were, for vitamins: A, B-12, C, D and folate, and for minerals: calcium, iron and zinc, in both surveys. Excessive intake of sugar and saturated fat and low fiber intake were common. Conclusions. Diet in older Mexican adults is low in micronutrient essentials, and excessive in fat and sugar. Attention to the diet in this age group through targeted interventions is necessary to promote a healthy diet.Keywords: diet; older adults; nutritional deficiencies; micronutrients; Mexico

IntroductionThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican adults is very high. To identify the dietary characteristics related with this disorder is necessary to design intervention. The objective was to analyze the association between dietary patterns and obesity in Mexican adults.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study carried out in Mexican adults (20–59 years old) participating in the Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016. Participants (n = 5,735) were classified as having normal weight, overweight-obesity and by their abdominal circumference as having abdominal obesity or not. With information from a 7-day food frequency questionnaire, we used a K-means cluster analysis to derive dietary patterns and calculated a healthy diet indicator to evaluate quality. The association between dietary patterns and overweight-obesity and abdominal obesity was assessed with Poisson regression models adjusted by some characteristics.ResultsWe identified a Rural pattern characterized by tortilla, legumes and egg consumption; a Diverse pattern, characterized by fruits, meat and poultry, vegetables, and dairy beverages, and desserts; and a Westernized pattern, characterized by sweetened non-dairy beverages, fast food, bakery and cookies, candies and salty snacks. In men, Westernized pattern was associated with overweight-obesity (PR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.97–1.27), and abdominal obesity (PR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.00–1.33), the Diverse pattern was associated with overweight-obesity (PR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.00–1.38), and abdominal obesity (PR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.07–1.50), compared with the Rural pattern. In women, these dietary patterns were not associated with obesity.DiscussionWesternized and Diverse patterns are associated with overweight and obesity and abdominal obesity in men. Gender-specific recommendations and surveillance are necessary in the Mexican adult population.

These results provide new information about one of the Mexican efforts to control the overweight, obesity and diabetes epidemic.