This study evaluated the association between adherence to a traditional Mexican diet (TMexD) and obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular (CVD)-related outcomes in secondary data analysis of the cross-sectional Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. Data from 10,180 Mexican adults were included, collected via visits to randomly selected households by trained personnel. Adherence to the TMexD (characterised by mostly plant-based foods like maize, legumes, vegetables) was measured through an adapted version of a recently developed TMexD index, using food frequency questionnaire data. Outcomes included obesity (anthropometric measurements), diabetes (biomarkers and diagnosis), and CVD (lipid biomarkers, blood pressure, hypertension diagnosis, and CVD-event diagnosis) variables. Percentage differences and odds ratios for presenting non-communicable disease (NCD)-related outcomes (with 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were measured using multiple linear and logistic regression, respectively, adjusted for relevant covariates. Sensitivity analyses were conducted according to sex, excluding people with an NCD diagnosis, and using multiple imputation. In fully adjusted models, high, compared to low, TMexD adherence was associated with lower insulin (-9.8%; 95% CI: -16.0, -3.3), LDL-cholesterol (-4.3%; 95% CI -6.9, -1.5), non-HDL cholesterol (-3.9%; 95% CI: -6.1, -1.7), and total cholesterol (-3.5%; 95% CI: -5.2, -1.8) concentrations. Men and those with no NCD diagnosis had overall stronger associations. Effect sizes were smaller, and associations weakened in multiple imputation models. No other associations were observed. While results may have been limited due to the adaptation of a previously developed index, the results highlight the potential association between the TMexD and lower insulin and cholesterol concentrations in Mexican adults.