Many pathogenic and commensal organisms are multidrug resistant due to exposure to various antibiotics. Often, this antimicrobial resistance is encoded by integrons that occur on plasmids or that are integrated into the bacterial chromosome. Integrons are commonly associated with bacterial genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae. We determined that class 1 integrases were present in approximately 46% of the isolates from the family Enterobacteriaceae; class 2 integrases were present only among Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates. Seven percent of veterinary isolates were positive for class 3 integrase by DNA-DNA hybridization but could not be confirmed to be positive by PCR. None of the veterinary isolates possessed the class 4 integrase gene. The distribution of these integrase genes was variable within the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae when some or all integrase classes were absent from a particular genus. There was also considerable variability in the distribution of these integrases within a species, depending on the animal host. Unlike the class 1 integrases, the other integrase class, intI2, appears to be more restricted in its distribution among the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. There is also considerable variability in the distribution of the class 1 integrases within E. coli strains isolated from different food animals. The class 1 integrases are the most widely disseminated of the four classes among the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae from both the clinical and normal flora of animals. This is the first report to closely examine the distribution of class 2 integrases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the United States.

No abstract

Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between negative emotions and perceived emotional support in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted face-to-face interviews between January 2019 and January 2020. Study variables included depression (PHQ-9 Scale), anxiety (Emotional Distress-Anxiety-Short Form 8a), anger (Emotional Distress-Anger-Short Form 5a), fear (Fear-Affect Computerized Adaptive Test), somatic fear (Fear-Somatic Arousal-Fixed Form), loneliness (Revised 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale), and perceived emotional support (Emotional Support-Fixed Form). Results Eighty parents reported symptoms of depression 8.00(4.00, 13.75), anxiety (23.43 ± 7.80), anger (13.40 ± 5.46), fear (72.81 ± 27.26), somatic fear 9.00(6.00, 12.75), loneliness (39.35 ± 12.00), and low perceived emotional support (32.14 ± 8.06). Parents who were young, single, low-income, and with limited-post secondary education reported greater loneliness and lower perceived emotional support. Fear correlated with depression ( r = 0.737 , P < 0.01 ) and anxiety ( r=0 .900 , P < 0.01). Inverse relationships were discovered between perceived emotional support and loneliness ( r = −0.767 , P < 0.01), anger ( r= -0.401 , P < 0.01), and depression ( r = −0.334 , P < 0.01). Conclusions The cluster of negative emotions identified will serve as potential targets for future interventions designed to enhance support for parents of critically ill children.

Sir-Millions of people worldwide learned that climate change poses serious extinction risks to species as a direct result of the news coverage surrounding the Letter to Nature by Chris D. Thomas et al. (Nature 427, 145-148; 2004). Should Nature have blocked publicity on this story to prevent possible reporting inaccuracies, as Richard J. Ladle and colleagues (Nature 428, 799; 2004) suggest? We don't believe so. Ladle and his colleagues correctly point out that the time-frame of extinctions was widely misreported. We knew this aspect of the story would be technically difficult, so our press releases in both the United Kingdom and the United States emphasized the correct interpretation in stand-alone paragraphs and italicized key words. The Letter to Nature itself emphasized this point, and we stressed the correct

No abstract