The article is devoted to the determination of the period of the formation of environmental law. The solution of this problem provides an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the essence of this branch of law by those who deal with it today. According to the authors, the basis for asserting that this occurred at one time or another should be the existence of a subject and principles that correspond to the subject and principles of modern environmental law. B.N.Zemtsov and T.R.Suzdaleva believe that it was formed not earlier than the 1960s, when the contours of the solution of the primary material and household problems of the Soviet people were identified and the question of the quality of life arose.
The article is devoted to a relevant perspective of historical science: to historical regularities, specifics of historical knowledge, definition of a subject of historical science. Authors recognize what at the level of human acts of regularity it is difficult to reveal as each person is under the influence of unique factors and accidents, his acts can not coincide with historical tendencies. Equally, it belongs also to studying of history of mankind in general. Therefore the "world" or "general" history appears in the form of history of the certain countries or regions. Historical regularities are shown: first, at the level of regions (the certain countries or group of the countries having similar trajectories of development); secondly, at the level of the historical periods, stages; thirdly, at the level of social, political and economic institutes. Such approach leads to objective cognoscibility of historical process.
The paper covers high school reform in Russia. It considers the problem of university ranking. The world rating systems' influence and their application in the assessment of higher education in Russia are analyzed. The discussion goes into complicated questions of indexing and synthesis between our country's tradition and modern practices used worldwide. The authors make a point on the importance of the correlation between the international scientometrics and the features of Russian higher education in order to successfully integrate the latter into the highly competitive environment of the world-leading centers for science and education.
The paper is concerned with the study of transformations of historical forms of scientific communications and the prerequisites of their development. The authors analyzed the main general historical stages: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance and the New Age, XX-XXI centuries. In this paper, the authors studied the informal intellectual communication scientists and revealed that this form of scientific communication is an important role for the development of the scientific knowledge. The authors highlighted the main historically established forms of scientific communication and traced their qualitative transformation.
The article analyzes attempts of the Belarusian politicians to create the first independent Belarusian state in 1918-1920. The paper also studies the policy of the party and state leaders of the young Soviet republic and governments of Germany, Poland and Lithuania.
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