In past few years, as security ciphers in the Internet of Things (IoT), the research of lightweight block cipher has attracted tremendous attention in cryptography. The SPN structure has been widely used in the design of block cipher. However, the encryption and decryption processes of ciphers based on the SPN structure are different. We design a new SPN structure, which is perfect for lightweight block cipher. The new SPN structure makes that the encryption process is the same as decryption. Moreover, input and output data directions are the same for encryption and decryption processes. Thus, the same process can absolutely be shared in decryption and encryption both for software and hardware implementation. Further, we propose a family of involutional lightweight block cipher, called Loong, based on the proposed SPN structure and components. Rigorous analysis indicates that Loong is of high security against cryptanalysis, especially the differential attack and linear attack. As shown by our experiments and comparisons, Loong is compact in hardware environment and is suitable for the IoT.
Neuropathy can contribute to low back pain (LBP) in the region of the back. Our study investigated the proportion of neuropathic pain (NP) in low back region in chronic LBP patients from multicenter and clinics in China and identified associated factors. Assessment was made using a questionnaire and the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS, only tested in low back region), as well as Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST, merely applied to the low back region), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Our questionnaire collected demographic information, behavioral habits and medical records. 2116 outpatients over 18 years old complaining of LBP lasting more than 3 months were enrolled in this study. The NP proportion in low back region in chronic LBP patients was 2.8%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that histories of lumbar surgery, abdominal or pelvic surgery, and drinking alcohol were independent positive predictors for LBP of predominantly neuropathic origin (LBNPO), while history of low back sprain and frequently carrying weight as independent negative predictor. Using these parameters may help the identification of patients with chronic LBP likely to develop NP leading to improved treatment outcomes.
In this work, γ-Fe2O3/CNTs composite was facile synthesized by simple hydrothermal method and hydrazine hydrate treatment at low temperature (CNTs = carbon nanotubes). The result of VSM shows that the saturation magnetization of Fe2O3/CNTs composites increase from 0 to 1.29 emu g−1 after hydrazine hydrate treatment, indicating that the Fe2O3 in the composite transforms from α phase to γ phase. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of both α-Fe2O3/CNTs and γ-Fe2O3/CNTs was studied. Compared with α-Fe2O3/CNTs, γ-Fe2O3/CNTs shows enhanced electrochemical performance toward paracetamol determination. Under optimum condition, the γ-Fe2O3/CNTs modified electrode exhibits two linear ranges of 2.5 μM−385 μM and 593 μM−1550 μM and a low detection limit of 0.046 μM. In addition, the constructed sensor can be successfully utilized for detecting paracetamol in different water bodies. This work provides a new clue for the design and construction of excellent electrochemical sensor for paracetamol determination.
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