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Asheim B. T., Boschma R. and Cooke P. Constructing regional advantage: platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge bases, Regional Studies. This paper presents a regional innovation policy model based on the idea of constructing regional advantage. This policy model brings together concepts like related variety, knowledge bases and policy platforms. Related variety attaches importance to knowledge spillovers across complementary sectors. The paper categorizes knowledge into 'analytical' (science based), 'synthetic' (engineering based) and 'symbolic' (arts based) in nature, with different requirements of 'virtual' and real proximity mixes. The implications of this are traced for evolving 'platform policies' that facilitate economic development within and between regions in action lines appropriate to incorporate the basic principles behind related variety and differentiated knowledge bases. Asheim B. T., Boschma R. and Cooke P. 构建区域优势：基于&# 30456;关多样性以及不同 693;识基础的平台政策ᦁ 2; 区域研究。 本文展示了基于构建&# 21306;域优势这一理念的 306;域创新政策模型。 本政策模型整合了相&# 20851;多样性、知识基础 197;及政策平台等概念Ӎ 0;相对多样性概念强调 了相互补充的部门间&# 30693;识外溢存在的重要 615;。本文按知识的性ฝ 6;将其分类为：分析性 （以科学为基础）、&# 20808;验性（以工程为基 784;）以及象征性（以ഌ 2;术为基础），不同类 别的知识对于“真实&# x201d;有着不同的要求。 991;章考察了上述分类ल 5;于“平台政策”演进 的影响，平台政策有&# 21161;于整合相关多样性 644;不同知识基础背后௚ 0;基本原则，以此辅助 区域内外协同发展。 相关多样性 不同知识基础 区域创新政策 区域（衍 生）分支 Asheim B. T., Boschma R. et Cooke P. L'etablissement de l'avantage regional: une plate-forme economique fondee sur la variete liee et des bases de connaissance differenciee, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a presenter un modele de la politique en faveur de l'innovation regionale fondee sur la notion de l'etablissement de l'avantage regional. Cette politique reunit des notions telles la variete liee, les bases de connaissance, et des plates-formes economiques. La variete attache de l'importance aux retombees de connaissance a travers des secteurs complementaires. L'article classe la connaissance, par nature, sous les rubriques 'analytique' (fondee sur la science), 'synthetique' (fondee sur l'ingenierie) et 'symbolique' (fondee sur les arts), y compris des besoins differents pour les melanges de proximites 'virtuelle' et reelle. On en esquisse les implications quant aux 'plates-formes economiques'qui facilitent le developpement economique sur les plans intra et interregionaux a partir des actions appropriees aux principes qui etayent la variete liee et les bases de connaissance differenciee. Variete liee Bases de connaissance differenciee Plate-forme Politique en faveur de l'innovation regionale Ramification regionale Asheim B. T., Boschma R. und Cooke P. Aufbau eines regionalen Vorteils: Plattform-Politiken auf der Grundlage von verwandter Varietat und differenzierten Wissensbasen, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Modell fur regionale Innovationspolitik auf der Grundlage der Idee des Aufbaus eines regionalen Vorteils vorgestellt. In diesem politischen Modell werden unter anderem Konzepte von verwandter Varietat, Wissensbasen und politischen Plattformen mitein...

Whilst concurring with the new streams of literature in geography that highlight the importance of face-to-face and ‘buzz’ in the globalizing learning economy, we argue that this literature is misleading on three interrelated counts. Firstly, it conflates face-to-face and buzz; secondly, it fails to distinguish between the importance of face-to-face and buzz for industries drawing on different knowledge bases; and, thirdly, these conceptual inadequacies lead to an exaggeration of the importance of cities as sites for creativity and innovation, and hence regional competitiveness. By applying an industrial knowledge base approach, we seek to reconstruct an alternative framework that allows for a systematic differentiation between the importance of face-to-face and buzz for different industries. This provides a framework for developing a more nuanced understanding of the spatial implications of face-to-face communication and buzz for learning and innovation.

Asheim B. T., Lawton Smith H. and Oughton C. Regional innovation systems: theory, empirics and policy, Regional Studies. Interest in regional innovation systems has grown significantly over the past three decades driven partly by advances in theoretical analysis, partly by the growing interest in innovation as a source of competitive advantage, and partly by the need for new policies to address regional inequalities and divergence. This article explores the elements and characteristics that exemplify the regional innovation systems approach. It provides an appraisal and synthesis of the regional innovation systems paradigm and aims to shed light on a number of areas where theoretical, empirical and policy-based questions remain unanswered. It outlines and assesses the major strands in recent theoretical and empirical debates and discusses how they might be developed to contribute to the further advancement of the regional innovation systems literature. Three interrelated questions form the key themes around which the article is structured. The first concerns the very nature of the system itself. The second concerns the boundaries of industrial districts, clusters and regional innovation systems, and the role of cognitive frontiers, knowledge transfer and learning. The third relates to the central role of knowledge and learning in clusters and regional innovation systems and in particular to the role and functioning of the labour market. These three cross-cutting themes separately and collectively provide new theoretical, empirical and policy insights; they also raise other questions which are intended to stimulate much future research. Asheim B. T., Lawton Smith H. and Oughton C. 区域创新系统：理论&# 12289;实践以及政策，区 495;研究。 对区域创新系统的关&# 27880;在过去的 30 年内得到显著提高，&# 36825;部分归因于理论分 512;的进步，也由于创ਫ 2;是竞争优势的源头， 同时也基于新政策强&# 35843;区域不公平以及区 495;差异的需求。本文್ 1;察了对区域创新系统 方法进行分析的要素&# 20197;及特征。文章通过 545;区域创新系统范式௚ 0;评价以及综合分析为 理论、实践以及政策&# 39046;域做出相应的贡献 290;研究概述并评价了௤ 6;前理论及实践研究中 主要的分支，讨论了&# 20182;们在区域创新系统 740;究中的下一步发展ਬ 1;向。文章围绕三个理 论核心展开。首先考&# 34385;系统本身的性质。 854;次考虑产业区、集ೃ 6;以及区域创新系统的 边界，认知前沿、知&# 35782;转换以及学习过程 340;作用。第三是知识ߎ 2;学习在集群及区域创 新系统尤其是劳动力&# 24066;场职能中的核心作 992;。上述三类跨界的ߒ 7;题各自或者整合地提 供了新的理论、实践&# 20197;及政策视角，同时 063;指出未来研究中需ව 1;注意的问题。 区域创新系统 产业区 集群 知识与学习 劳动力市场 Asheim B. T., Lawton Smith H. et Oughton C. Les systemes d'innovation regionaux: la theorie, l'empiricisme et la politique, Regional Studies. L'interet pour les systemes d'innovation regionaux a augmente sensiblement pendant les trois dernieres decennies, conduit en partie par les progres dans l'analyse theorique, en partie par l'interet croissant pour l'innovation comme source de l'avantage competitif, et en partie par la necessite des politiques nouvelles pour aborder les ecarts et les divergences regionaux. Cet article examine les elements et les caracteristiques qui illustrent les facons d'aborder les systemes d'innovation regionaux. On evalue et synthetise le paradigme des systemes d'innovation regionaux et eclaircit un nombre de questions theoriques, empiriques et de politiques aux...

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In order to advance the understanding of which types of regional innovation system represent effective innovation support for what kinds of industry in different regions analyses must be contextualized by reference to the actual knowledge base of various industries as well as to the regional and national institutional framework, which strongly shape the innovation processes of firms. Of special importance is the linkage between the larger institutional frameworks of the national innovation and business systems, and the character of regional innovation systems. In making the arguments about a general correspondence between the macro-institutional characteristics of the economy and the dominant form and character of its regional innovation systems a link is provided to the literature on ‘varieties of capitalism’ and national business systems. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006Regional innovation systems, knowledge bases, institutional frameworks, O18, O31,

The geography of the creative class and its impact on regional development has been debated for some years. While the ideas of Richard Florida have permeated local and regional planning strategies in most parts of the Western world, critiques have been numerous. Florida's 3T's (technology, talent, and tolerance) have been adopted without considering whether the theory fits into the settings of a specific urban and regional context. This article aims to contextualize and unpack the creative class approach by applying the knowledge-base approach and break down the rigid assumption that all people in the creative class share common locational preferences. We argue that the creative class draws on three different knowledge bases: synthetic, analytical, and symbolic, which have different implications for people's residential locational preferences with respect to a people climate and a business climate. Furthermore, the dominating knowledge base in a region has an influence on the importance of a people climate and a business climate for attracting and retaining talent. In this article, we present an empirical analysis in support of these arguments using original Swedish data. Copyright (c) 2009 Clark University.