Background The occurrence of emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and related compounds in the aquatic and terrestrial environments is of increasing concern. Ciprofloxacin is one of the pharmaceuticals which is active against a wide range of bacteria. The main objective of this research is to develop a simple method for the extraction and determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water samples. Results A salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) was developed. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1–100 μg/L with coefficient of determination (r 2 ) of 0.9976. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.075 and 0.25 µg/L, respectively. The reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviation (% RSD) was less than 10%. The applicability of the developed method was investigated by analyzing tap water, bottled mineral water and waste water and demonstrated satisfactory recoveries in the ranges of 86.4–120%. Conclusion The method offered a number of features including wide linear range, good recovery, short analysis time, simple operation process and environmental friendly. The developed method can be utilized as an attractive alternative for the determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water matrices.

Abstract:Background: Tuberculosis and HIV have been closely linked since the emergence of AIDS. The aim of this study is to assess magnitude of Tuberculosis and its associated factors among HIV patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital in Bahir Dar city. Methods: Institutional based Cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2012 in Bahir Dar city. Systematic sampling technique was employed to collect the data; both primary and secondary data were collected by interviewing HIV cases and reviewing their cards. The data were analyzed in bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS version 20. Result: The study was conducted among a total of 385 HIV cases. The prevalence of Tuberculosis was 10.1%. This study declared that body mass index (BMI), CD4 count and functional status were significant predictors of tuberculosis (TB). Besides, HIV cases whose BMI less than 18.5 were more than five times more likely to develop TB compared to those with BMI greater than 24.5 (AOR= 5.24, 95%CI:1.01-27.13), individual HIV cases whose CD4 count less than 200 were more than seven times likely to develop Tuberculosis compared to those whose CD4 count greater than 500 (AOR= 7.33, 95%CI:1.57-34.28), besides, the study explored that respondents who were bed redden and ambulatory were more than eight and six times more likely to develop Tuberculosis compared to those respondents who were able to work respectively (AOR=8.61, 95%CI: 1. . Conclusion: This study showed that magnitude of TB among HIV cases was 10.1%. HIV patients, whose BMI less than 18.5, CD4 count <200/µL, ambulatory and bedridden patients should be closely supervised by increasing patient round frequency and providing special nutritious food. TB/HIV co-infected patients should get all services in TB clinic. The Hospital should provide fast triaging systems for coughing patients and reducing their waiting time for services.

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The aim of this study was to develop and validate a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of thirteen selected pharmaceutical compounds (metformin, amoxicillin, chloroquine, theophylline, trimethoprim, caffeine, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, acetylsalicylic acid, doxycycline hyclate, metronidazole, albendazole and cloxacillin) in bulk and tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation using a Kromasil C18 column, gradient elution with aqueous formic acid (0.1%), methanol and acetonitrile, a UV absorption wavelength of 250 nm and a mobile phase flow rate of 1 mL/min over a 22 min run time was optimized for complete separation of the selected target compounds. The method was validated and results for: linearity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, suitability and method robustness were obtained and met the ICH guidelines. Calibration curve correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9985-0.9998 and the percentage relative standard deviations for repeated analysis was below 5%, indicating acceptable method precision. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.020-0.27 µg/L and 0.080-0.91 µg/L, respectively. The accuracy study yielded recoveries in the ranges 86.0-102% for pure compounds and 90.9-106% for compounds in tablet dosage form. The method is robust for small or deliberate changes to the chromatographic parameters and found to be appropriate for analysis of tablets for the determination of the thirteen pharmaceuticals.                     KEY WORDS: Pharmaceuticals, Bulk determination, Tablet dosage, High performance liquid chromatography, Method development, ICH guidelines   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 17-31. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.2

ABSTRACT. Optimized QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method of sample preparation was employed for five selected pharmaceutical compounds on its advantage of simplicity, less extraction solvent and extraction time. Different parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the target analyte was optimized. Since QuEChERS was developed for pesticides, uses of the method for pharmaceuticals need modification and evaluation of different parameters. Clean-up sorbents were evaluated for their matrix effect removal after extraction and a combination of d-SPE sorbent, MgSO4, PSA, C18 and diatomaceous earth found to be selective clean-up sorbent for the targeted compounds. The addition and amount of diatomaceous earth and EDTA during the clean-up and extraction steps, respectively, were also examined and the amount was optimized. Solvent type and composition, salt type and extraction time were also optimized and methanol, MgSO4 with NaCl salt and 5 min extraction time was obtained. The method was successfully applied to different vegetable samples collected from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Johannesburg, South Africa (carrot, cabbage and lettuce) and none of the target analytes were found in the sample investigated. The matrix effect study on vegetable samples collected was found very high that suppresses the signal during analysis.   KEY WORDS: QuEChERS, EDTA, Pharmaceuticals, Vegetable, HPLC Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(4), 831-844.                                                            DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i4.3