Various extracts including petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, aqueous and crude aqueous of barks of Acacia catechu (A. catechu) Willd (Leguminosae) and the two fractions of ethanolic extract were tested for antihyperglycaemic activity in glucose-loaded hyperglycaemic rats. The effective extract and fraction of A. catechu were subjected to antidiabetic study in alloxan-induced diabetic rats at two dose levels, 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Biochemical parameters, including glucose, urea, creatinine, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin were also assessed. The ethanolic extract of A. catechu and the water insoluble fraction of ethanolic extract exhibited significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity and produced dosedependent hypoglycemia in fasted normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with ethanolic extract and water-insoluble fraction of this plant restored the elevated biochemical parameters significantly (p<0.05) to the normal level. Comparatively, the water insoluble fraction of ethanolic extract was more effective than the ethanolic extract and the activity was comparable to that of the standard, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg).
Lycopene is a carotenoid present in fruits and vegetables. The richest sources of lycopene are tomatoes and tomato products. The beneficial effects of lycopene in human health and disease are mainly associated with its antioxidant properties. Lycopene is a carotenoid with strongest antioxidant property because of its capability of quenching the singlet oxygen. Eleven conjugated double bonds of lycopene give it a deep red color and are responsible for its antioxidant activity which is major functional feature of lycopene. Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Although there are evidences from many epidemiological and cell culture and animal studies explaining the inverse relationship between lycopene and cancer or cardiovascular disease risk, more clinical trial data is needed to support this hypothesis. In this article we outline the possible mechanisms of action of lycopene and review the current understanding of its role in human health and disease prevention.
Background: ABO and Rh systems are most important types of blood group systems that should be taken into consideration during blood transfusion. Many studies have been done across the globe to determine the distribution of these blood groups among different strata of population. But there are very few studies done in Nepali population. Therefore, in this study we aimed to find out the distribution of blood groups among Nepali medical students and to compare it with the other studies done in Nepal and other countries of the World. Methods: This was a retrospective study, containing the data of ABO and Rh blood groups of medical students recorded over a period of 21 years in Department of Physiology of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal. The blood group was determined by open slide test method by using commercially available standard monoclonal antibody. Results: A total of 2031 Nepali medical students were included in the study. Among them 1147 were male and 884 were female. In the present study we found that the most common blood group was O (739, 36.4%) followed by B (624, 30.7%) and A (522, 25.7%) and least common blood group was AB (146, 7.2%). Among all participants 96.8% of the people were Rh positive and 3.2% were Rh negative. Conclusions: This study done in Nepali medical students can provide a new insight for the further study of distribution of blood groups in Nepali population. A study with high sample size, representing every zones of Nepal is the demand of future.
INTRODUCTION: Many studies have shown the association of waist circumference, waist hip ratio and body mass index with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Waist circumference and waist hip ratio have been used as measures of central obesity and body mass index has been used as a measure of general obesity. Objective of this study is to find out which type of obesity is better for prediction of risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Total 100 participants with confirmed diagnosis of type 2 DM with age group 35-80 years were selected for the study. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference were measured and body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for correlating the parameters with type 2 diabetes mellitus in both male and female patients. RESULTS: Area under ROC curve, a measure of performance of the indices in predicting diabetes in total subjects, was found to be highest for waist hip ratio (0.840) followed by waist circumference (0.688) and BMI (0.608). Similarly, area under ROC curve was found maximum for waist hip ratio followed by waist circumference and body mass index in case of male and female patients. CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that anthropometric indicators of central obesity (WHR and WC) are more predictive for type 2 DM than anthropometric indicator of general obesity (BMI).
The global pandemic situation caused by rare viral pneumonia occurs in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, which we now recognize as COVID-19. The molecular docking was used to identify potential phytoconstituents of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> and reference drug hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 main protein by using AutoDock 4.2.6 and Auto dock Vina. All the physicochemical and bioactive parameters (ADME, toxicity study, receptor interaction, PASS analysis, drug-likeness) were determined using different online validated software. The binding energy of all SAR-CoV-2 proteins with selected phytoconstituents of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> were found to be beta carotene, vitamin E; myricetin, quercetin showed the highest binding affinity with all interacting proteins comparable with other drugs and reference drug hydroxychloroquine as an order: beta carotene > myricetin > quercetin > vitamin E> hydroxychloroquine>quinic acid. The MD simulation analysis of viral protein (6MOJ) with beta carotene, vitamin E and myricetin demonstrated strong stability at 300 K. All three complexes exhibit persistent RMSDs value (0.25 – 1.5 Å) of protein side-chain Cα atoms during the 3 ns MD simulation time scale. The minor changes of all three ligands with 2 different viral proteins increasing the compactness of ligands with protein in radius of gyration suggested the strong structural activity of ligands and the least fluctuation during the MD simulation (31.2, 30.0 and 31.2), respectively. In the present study revealed that all the active constituents of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> show good binding affinity, but beta carotene and myricetin have an excellent affinity with SARS-CoV-2 proteins respectively.
INTRODUCTION: Postoperative pain management is essential for early mobilization and rehabilitation to enhance recovery and to reduce morbidity. Ketorolac and pethidine are two most common analgesics used in the postoperative setting for pain management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients (n=60) of age group 18-60 years who undergone various surgical procedures were divided randomly into two groups (T1 and T2). T1 group received inj. ketorolac 5 mg/kg IM and T2 group received pethidine 1.5 mg/kg IM body weight respectively on 6 hourly basis for 48 hours postoperatively. Patients were assessed in the recovery room for pain according to Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) and Sedation Score after 1, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours of drug administration. Analgesic efficacy was measured using VAS and VRS. Safety of the drugs was assessed by using Sedation Score. RESULTS: Ketorolac showed equianalgesic effect as pethidine estimated by VAS score at 18th and 48th hour. In other periods of observation, pethidine exhibited better analgesic effects than ketorolac. However, ketorolac shows less incidence of sedation compared to pethidine. CONCLUSION: This study showed that postoperative pain during the first 48 hours can be relieved by either ketorolac or pethidine. Ketorolac appeared safer than pethidine while pethidine appeared more effective analgesic than ketorolac in the management of postoperative pain.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide. The article aims to review the therapeutic perspective on natural antioxidants, their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics in management and cure of COVID‐19/ SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We conducted a literature search including World Health Organization and National Institute of Health guidelines and clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov limited to antioxidants in COVID‐19 management. Elderly, immunocompromised patients, and others with underlying health conditions or multiple comorbidities have a high mortality rate. Disrupted redox homeostasis and oxidative stress seem to be biological pathways that may increase personal vulnerability to infection. Antioxidants like vitamins C, D, E, epigallocatechin‐3 gallate, and morin have been reported to protect against COVID‐19 disease. Reactive oxygen species are immunological regulatory elements of viral replication. Natural antioxidants exhibit potential action in preventing inflammation and organ dysfunction during viral infection. They also increase glutathione level, oxygenation rate, and immunological responses in the treatment of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. No wonder the selection of prevention, treatment, and cure of COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly depends upon the antiviral and immunoregulatory activity which they possess. Yet, their efficacy against COVID‐19 is of great concern and demands extensive study.
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