Abstract:Objective: The role of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been established. However the role of adiponectin and resistin in the relationship between insulin resistance as markers of obesity and PCOS has not been conclusive. This study aims to determine the influence of the serum levels of adiponectin and resistin on PCOS, and assess possible correlations with the hormonal and metabolic parameters of the syndrome and obesity. Methods: This study continued a case control study that had finished recruiting 24 subjects of reproductive women with PCOS as a case group, and 24 subjects of normal ovulatory reproductive women without hyperandrogenism as a control group. Further, only 18 subjects of the control group had a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m 2 and were included the data analysis, whereas others were excluded. Therefore, these study data were divided into three groups. Twenty-four PCOS patients from the case group were allocated to two groups, A (n ¼ 14) patients had PCOS þ BMI !25 kg/m 2 ; B (n ¼ 10) patients had PCOS þ BMI <25 kg/m 2 . Group C was the control group of 18 reproductive women without PCOS þ BMI <25 kg/m 2 . Blood samples were collected between day 3 and 5 of a spontaneous menstrual cycle, at 07:00 to 09:00, after overnight fasting. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), glucose, insulin, adiponectin and resistin were measured. Results: Serum adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in group A compared with group B and group C. No significant difference existed in adiponectin between group B and group C. Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) value in group A was found to be significantly higher than group C, but no significant differences were found between group B and group C or between group A and group B. There was no significant difference in serum resistin between all groups, nevertheless the resistin-to-adiponectin (R:A) ratio was significantly decreased in group A compared with groups B and C. In a multiple regression model, BMI, testosterone and insulin resistance were the major determinants of hypoadiponectinemia. However, only BMI was the major determinant of the resistin represented by the R:A ratio. Conclusions: Serum adiponectin levels and the ratio of resistin to adiponectin levels are reduced in obese women with PCOS. These results suggest that, by reducing adiponectin serum level, hyperandrogenemia, together with nutritional status of obesity, might contribute to insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of PCOS.Keywords: adiponectin, insulin resistance, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, resistin http://tae.sagepub.com 235

Background Agriculture is a major economic sector in Indonesia. Chemical pesticides are widely being used in agriculture for controlling pest. There is a growing concern that pesticide exposure, particularly chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure, combined with other occupational characteristics that determine the level of exposure, can lead to further health impacts for farmers. Our objective was to evaluate the cumulative exposure characteristics among farmers exposed to CPF by using a validated algorithm. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 152 vegetable farmers aged 18–65 who actively used CPF for at least 1 year in Central Java, Indonesia. Subject characteristics were obtained using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, addressed for sociodemographic and work-related characteristics. The cumulative exposure level (CEL) was estimated as a function of the intensity level of pesticide exposure (IL), lifetime years of pesticide use and the number of days spraying per year. CEL was subsequently classified into two groups, high and low exposure groups. The difference in characteristics of the study population was measured using Chi-square, independent-t or Mann-Whitney test. Association between CEL and its characteristics variables were performed by multiple linear regression. Results Seventy-one subjects (46.7%) were classified as the high exposure group. The use of multiple pesticide mixtures was common among our study population, with 94% of them using 2 or more pesticides. 73% reported direct contact with concentrated pesticides product, and over 80% reported being splashed or spilt during preparation or spraying activity. However, we found that the proportion of proper personal protective equipment (PPE) use in our subjects was low. Higher volume of mixture applied (p <  0.001) and broader acres of land (p = 0.001) were associated with higher cumulative exposure level, while using long-sleeved clothes and long pants (p <  0.05) during pesticide spraying were associated with lower cumulative exposure after adjusted for age and gender. Conclusions These findings indicate an inadequate knowledge of using pesticides properly. Thus, we recommend comprehensive training on pesticide usage and encourage proper PPE to reduce the exposure level.

Abstract:The control of exposure to welding fumes is increasing importance in promoting a healthy, safe and productive work environment. This study is a case-control design, random study was conducted among welder (56 subjects) and non welder (39 subjects) with more than 1 years experience in the same job task in an automotive parts manufactory within the industrial area at Cikarang in 2013. All subjects were completed physical examination, informed consent and questionnaire. Blood heavy metals were determined by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Whole blood iron, manganese, chromium and lead in welder were higher than non-welder, but not different for aluminum, nickel and cadmium. In welder, chromium and manganese correlated with smoking status, cadmium correlated with age and smoking status. In multivariate analysis, wholeblood cadmium correlates with age and smoking status.

Latar belakang: Resistensi insulin dan obesitas sentral adalah keadaan yang sering ditemukan pada wanita PCOS dan ditandai dengan abnormalitas penanda biologi yang terkait dengan terjadinya gangguan metabolik. Hubungan antara adiponektin dan resistensi insulin telah banyak diteliti, namun penelitian terhadap pasien PCOS baru sedikit yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kemungkinan hubungan polimorfisme T45G dengan penanda biologi PCOS dan pengaruhnya terhadap adiponektin serum pada populasi Indonesia. Metode: Lima puluh dua pasien PCOS dan 52 subjek ovulasi normal tanpa hiperandrogenisme sebagai kontrol disertakan dalam penelitian ini. Sampel darah dikumpulkan antara hari ke 3 dan 5 siklus menstruasi spontan, jam 7 hingga 9 pagi, setelah menjalani puasa. Dilakukan pengukuran kadar serum FSH, LH, testosteron, SHBG, glukosa, insulin, profil lipid dan adiponektin. Resistensi insulin ditentukan dengan HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, dan SHBG. DNA genom dari darah perifer pasien dan subjek kontrol digunakan untuk memeriksa polimorfisme T45G menggunakan metode PCR. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok PCOS dan kontrol terhadap IMT, LH, testosteron, SHBG, dan FAI, tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap frekuensi distribusi polimorfisme gen T45G. Kadar adiponektin ditemukan lebih rendah pada kelompok PCOS daripada kontrol, dan terdapat hubungan antara resistensi insulin dengan PCOS. Pada pasien PCOS frekuensi polimorfisme T45G ditemukan lebih tinggi pada wanita dengan adiponektin kadar rendah dari pada kelompok adiponektin kadar tinggi, meskipun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara penanda biologi PCOS (LH, testosteron, SHBG, dan FAI) dengan polimorfisme gen T45G.

Objectives: One of the most widely used pesticides today is chlorpyrifos (CPF). Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B6, the most prominent catalyst in CPF bioactivation, is highly polymorphic. The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of <i>CYP2B6*6</i>, which contains both <i>516G>T</i> and <i>785A>G</i> polymorphisms, in CPF toxicity, as represented by the concentration of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), among vegetable farmers in Central Java, Indonesia, where CPF has been commonly used.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 vegetable farmers. Individual socio-demographic and occupational characteristics, as determinants of TCPy levels, were obtained using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and subsequently used to estimate the cumulative exposure level (CEL). TCPy levels were detected with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. <i>CYP2B6*6</i> gene polymorphisms were analyzed using a TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay and Sanger sequencing. Linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between TCPy, as a biomarker of CPF exposure, and its determinants.Results: The prevalence of <i>CYP2B6*6</i> polymorphisms was 31% for <i>*1/*1</i>, 51% for <i>*1/*6</i>, and 18% for <i>*6/*6</i>. TCPy concentrations were higher among participants with <i>CYP2B6*1/*1</i> than among those with <i>*1/*6</i> or <i>*6/*6</i> genotypes. <i>CYP2B6*6</i> gene polymorphisms, smoking, CEL, body mass index, and spraying time were retained in the final linear regression model as determinants of TCPy.Conclusions: The results suggest that <i>CYP2B6*6</i> gene polymorphisms may play an important role in influencing susceptibility to CPF exposure. <i>CYP2B6*6</i> gene polymorphisms together with CEL, smoking habits, body mass index, and spraying time were the determinants of urinary TCPy concentrations, as a biomarker of CPF toxicity.

Organofosfat merupakan pestisida yang disukai oleh petani karena hasilnya terlihat jelas pada tanaman. Namun, pajanan organofosfat terhadap manusia dapat menimbulkan gangguan akut maupun kronis yang disebabkan sifat residunya. Untuk mengetahui pajanan pestisida pada manusia, dapat dilakukan biomonitoring dengan cara mengukur aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) dalam darah. Cara organofosfat dalam menyebabkan efek toksik di antaranya dengan menghambat kerja enzim AChE. Enzim AChE yang terhambat menyebabkan proses pengiriman impuls saraf dapat mengalami gangguan, salah satunya gangguan fungsi kognitif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pajanan pestisida organofosfat terhadap aktivitas enzim AChE eritrosit dan fungsi kognitif pada petani. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potong lintang dengan pendekatan observasi analitik. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 69 petani yang menggunakan pestisida organofosfat di daerah Lembang dan Pangalengan, Bandung. Data yang diambil berupa data karakteristik, aktivitas AChE eritrosit yang diambil dari sampel darah petani yang kemudian diukur dengan metode Ellman di laboratorium, dan fungsi kognitif menggunakan kuesioner Mini Mental State Examination. Hasilnya, diperoleh 26 responden (38%) mengalami gangguan fungsi kognitif dan 43 responden (62%) memiliki fungsi kognitif normal. Uji statistik menunjukkan faktor usia (p=0,010), faktor pendidikan (p=0,002) serta faktor okupasi durasi penyemprotan (p=0,016) memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan fungsi kognitif. Faktor okupasi juga memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap aktivitas asetilkolinesterase pada petani, yaitu faktor frekuensi penyemprotan (p=0,035) dan faktor penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD) (p=0,011). Simpulan pada penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara faktor okupasi terhadap aktivitas asetilkolinesterase eritrosit dan fungsi kognitif pada petani yang menggunakan pestisida organofosfat.

Objective. The objective of our study was to determine the genotype frequencies of CYP2C19*2 and *3 gene polymorphisms among Javanese farmers exposed to chlorpyrifos (CPF) in Central Java, Indonesia. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2020 in Central Java, Indonesia, involving 151 vegetable farmers aged 18-65 years who used CPF for at least one year. CYP2C19*2 and *3 gene polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR-RFLP. Direct calculations were applied to calculate allele and genotype frequencies. The difference in genotype frequencies among the sex and cumulative exposure level (CEL) group was performed using the Chi-square test. In contrast, the proportion difference of allele frequencies was analyzed using Z-test. Results. The frequency of CYP2C19 genotypes *1/*1, *1/*3, *1/*2, and *2/*2 were 64 %, 7 %, 23 % and 6 %. We observed no significant difference in the genotype distribution according to sex group and CEL group. Conclusion. In summary, the prevalence of toxicologically relevant CYP2C19 polymorphisms was determined in the Javanese agricultural population. The CYP2C19 genotype may be helpful as an essential biomarker of genetic susceptibility towards CPF exposure. Nevertheless, further studies to confirm the role of CYP2C19 in this context are still needed.

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