Objectives To evaluate sleep quality in relation to lifestyle characteristics including consumption of energy drinks and other caffeinated beverages among Peruvian college students. Methods A total of 2,458 college students were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire that collected information about a variety of behaviors including consumption of energy drinks, caffeinated and alcoholic beverages. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. Logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for poor sleep quality in relation to lifestyle characteristics. Results A total of 965 males and 1,493 female students were enrolled in the study. 52.0% of males and 58.4% of females experienced poor sleep quality (p=0.002). Females (OR=1.28; 95% CI 1.08–1.51) and those who reported consuming ≥ 3 stimulant beverages per week (OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.42–2.50) had higher odds of poor sleep quality. Students who consumed 1–19 alcoholic beverages monthly (OR=1.90; 95% CI 1.46–2.49) had a higher odds of long sleep latency. Consumption of ≥ 3 stimulant beverages per week was associated with daytime dysfunction due to sleep loss (OR=1.45; 95% CI 1.10–1.90), short sleep duration (OR= 1.49; 95% CI 1.14–1.94), and use of sleep medication (OR= 2.10; 95% CI 1.35–3.28). Conclusions Consumption of energy drinks, other caffeinated beverages and alcoholic beverages are risk factors of poor sleep quality. Increased awareness of these associations should promote interventions to improve students’ lifestyle habits, including consumption of alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, and overall health.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate patterns of circadian preferences and daytime sleepiness, and to examine the extent to which the consumption of stimulant beverages is associated with daytime sleepiness and evening chronotype among Peruvian college-age students. Methods: A total of 2,581 undergraduate students completed a self-administered comprehensive questionnaire that gathered information about sleep habits, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and the use of caffeinated beverages. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to assess chronotype and daytime sleepiness. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression procedures to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations of sleep disorders with sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Results: The prevalence of daytime sleepiness was 35% [95% CI 32.7-36.4] and eveningness chronotype was 10% [95% CI 8.8-11.1%]. Age, sex, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with an evening chronotype. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity, students who reported consumption of any stimulant beverages had 1.25 increased odds of excessive daytime sleepiness (OR = 1.25 [95% CI 1.03-1.53]) compared with students who did not consume stimulant beverages. Consumption of any stimulant beverages was not statistically significantly associated with being an evening chronotype (OR = 1.30 [95% CI 0.86-1.96]). Conclusions: Excessive daytime sleepiness and eveningness chronotype are common among Peruvian college students. MEQ scores were associated with age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Regular stimulant beverage consumption tended to be positively associated with excessive daytime sleepiness.

The study was designed to investigate the association between sleep disturbances and common mental disorders (CMDs) among Peruvian college students. A total of 2,538 undergraduate students completed a self-administered questionnaire to gather information about sleep characteristics, socio-demographic and lifestyle data. Evening chronotype, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness were assessed using the Horne and Ostberg Morningess-Eveningeness Questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Presence of CMDs was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Logistic regression procedures were used to examine the associations of sleep disturbances with CMDs while accounting for possible confounding factors. Overall, 33.4% of the participants had prevalent CMDs (39.2% among females and 24.4% among males). In multivariable adjusted logistic models, those with evening chronotype (OR=1.43; 95% CI 1.00–2.05), poor sleep quality (OR=4.50; 95%CI 3.69–5.49) and excessive daytime sleepiness (OR=1.68; 95% CI 1.41–2.01) were at a relative increased odds of CMDs compared to those without sleep disturbances. In conclusion, we found strong associations between sleep disturbances and CMDs among Peruvian college students. Early education and preventative interventions designed to improve sleep habits may effectively alter the possibility of developing CMDs among young adults.

Se realizó el estudio en doce mieles de diferentes marcas colectadas en supermercados de Lima, determinándose el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales según Pérez et al, flavonoides totales por Zhishen et al, ensayo de 2-desoxi-D-ribosa por Sandoval et al, capacidad antioxidante por el método ABAP/ABTS, según Overveld et al., su efecto antioxidante sobre el anión superóxido según Bermúdez-Campos et al y contenido de fenólicos por HPLC según Muñoz et al. La miel silvestre del callejón de Huaylas tuvo mayor contenido (207,89 mg/100g) de fenólicos, mientras la multifloral de Piura, mayor contenido (3,839 mg QE/100g) de flavonoides totales y apigenina (1,799 ppm), pero menor inhibición del anión superóxido (53,21%), mientras la de eucalipto de la sierra central, mayor capacidad antioxidante por el método ABTS (68,452 µg TEAC / 100 g) y de inhibición del anión superóxido (64,73%). Por otro lado, la de Zapote en panal de Piura presentó menor contenido (0,914 mg QE/100g) de flavonoides totales, pero mayor inhibición (54,80%) de radical oxhidrilos y de clorogénico i (0,866 mg/kg). Asimismo se encontró mayor contenido de ácido coumárico en la de algarrobo (1,572 ppm). Se concluyó que la miel contiene una gran capacidad antioxidante, relacionada al contenido de compuestos fenólicos, variando según su origen floral y procedencia.

10%), Thirteen (13%) and Eleven (11%), P = ns] respectively; new opportunistic infections [Four (4%), Seven (7%), and Three (3%), P = ns] respectively; average CD4 increment by 30% [Eighty (80%), Seventy six (76%), and Eighty three (83%), P = ns] respectively and death [Six (6%), Five (5%), and Four (4%), P = ns] respectively. However, adverse drug side effect occurs more frequently in Group 1 and 2 than in Group 3 [Eighteen (18%) and Twenty (20%) versus Three (3%), P = 0.03] respectively, which more frequently resulted poor adherence in Group 1 and 2 than Group 3 [Seventeen (17%) and Sixteen (16%) versus Three (3%), P = 0.05] respectively. Conclusion:This manuscript shows that in a retrospective review of HIV patients who are in different Antiretroviral drug combination regimens attending follow ups at GUH, the clinical and immunological responses for the different ART regimens are similar and comparable however it depicts differences in areas of drug side effects and adherence problems. Therefore different first line ART drug combinations selection in resource poor countries can be guided by drugs side effect and adherence issues.