Rice is a world-famous cereal food divided into pigmented and non-pigmented rice. Pigmented rice is popular as healthier food than non-pigmented rice due to its potency as an antioxidant. Nevertheless, the potential of pigmented rice has not been widely studied. Indonesian selected pigmented rice protein’s antioxidant potential and the non-protein compound were in-vitro studied. The antioxidant potencies were evaluated by extracting fresh seeds of nine pigmented rice (Aek Sibundong, Beureum Taleus, Gogo Niti-2, Lamongan-1, Merah SP, Merah Wangi, Mota, Ketan Hitam-2, and Super Manggis) and non-pigmented rice (IR-64) as control. Various free radical scavenging methods to determine the antioxidant activity (ABTS•+, DPPH•, OH• and O2-) were conducted. Meanwhile, the genetic classification was performed by a simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker to determine the relationship between varieties. The results showed that protein of Ketan Hitam-2 had the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging (98.06%), followed by Beureum Taleus (42.54%). Ketan Hitam-2 protein also showed the highest OH• and O2- activities (43.49% and 6.02%, respectively). The highest DPPH• potency of the non-protein compounds also shown by Ketan Hitam-2 (32.23%) with the activity of OH• and O2- (20.63% and 14.56%, respectively). These results showed that Ketan Hitam-2 has the highest potency as an antioxidant, which could be recommended as a nutraceuticals compound.
The potential source of bioactive protein from pigmented rice seed was investigated by buffered extracting from nine varieties (Merah-SP, Gogo Niti-2, Merah Wangi, Super Manggis, Lamongan-1, Mota, Ketan Hitam-2, Beureum Taleus, and Aek Sibundong) and non-pigmented rice (IR-64) as a control. The potent contributor to free radical scavenging of extracted proteins was evaluated by analyzing their free amino acid composition. The free radical scavenging and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory activity of these proteins were analyzed in-vitro. The free radical scavenging activity was analyzed using various standard methods, including radical cation 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate acid (ABTS •+ ), hydroxyl radical (OH • ) and defense against radical-mediated DNA damages by hydroxyl. Total free amino acid content ranged between 77.7-181.2 g/100 g protein, and among them, Ketan Hitam-2 displayed the highest abundant antioxidant amino acid grouping (23.23%) and shown significantly higher ABTS •+ activity (IC 50 =8.64 µg/mL) and OH • activity (IC 50 =20.33 µg/mL). Moreover, Ketam Hitam-2 also exhibited notable ACE-I inhibitory activity (IC 50 =6.20 µg/mL) and protected hydroxyl-induced oxidative damage to DNA. The in-vitro systems for free radical scavenging and ACE-I inhibitory were used to acquire the data. The potency of Ketan Hitam-2 seed protein could be utilized as a natural nutraceuticals compound.
In Indonesia, investigations of drought-tolerant cassava by characterizing the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses have not been carried out. This research was aimed to characterize the morphological, physiological, and molecular features of 10 Indonesian cassava varieties (Adira 1, Malang 1, Cimanggu, Kaspro, Ketan, Litbang UK-2, Malang 4, Malang 6, UJ-3, and UJ-5) under drought stress. 30 days after planting, drought stress was applied by stopping irrigation of plants for 15 days. The plant height, root system, and wilting were measured as morphological responses of cassava. For physiological responses, the percentage of opening stomata, chlorophyll, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were also investigated. Gene expression of MeGBF3 and MeMSD was evaluated to analyze the response of candidate drought-tolerant genotypes. The studied parameters revealed that drought stress inhibits the growth of cassava. Some genotypes could not survive because the excessive content of H2O2 would be toxic to plant cells and disturb the plant growth. The up-regulated gene expressions of MeGBF3 and MeMSD has correlations with morphological and physiological responses of cassava to drought stress. Adira 1 and Kaspro are thought as drought-tolerant genotypes due to the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses.
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