roteins hydrolyzed from melinjo seeds (Gnetum gnemon) at green (GM), yellow (YM) and red (RM) stages of maturity were studied for their effectiveness in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The seed protein extract was hydrolyzed using alcalase 2.4L, and the resulting hydrolysates with the highest degree of hydrolysis, protein profile, and the most potent contributors to antioxidant and invitro antidiabetic activities were identified. The degree of hydrolysis value of hydrolysates ranged from 52-84%, and the SDS-PAGE protein profile showed two distinct bands in which the band with molecular weight of 30 kDa degraded more intensively. Antioxidant capacity was measured using different standard methods, including radical cation 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS•+) assay, hydroxyl radical (OH•), and superoxide anion (O2•-) scavenging. The green hydrolysate (GMH) had significantly higher (p<0.05) free radical scavenging (ABTS•+, OH•, and O2•-) activities than that of the yellow hydrolysate (YMH) and red hydrolysate (RMH). However, invitro antidiabetic testing was performed based on the inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. GMH was found to be more effective than YMH and RMH. These results showed that the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in hydrolyzed GM protein has high potential to be utilized as natural nutraceuticals.
Sorghum is one of the five most important cereal crops in the world, due to its multi-beneficial usages and wide adaptability, so it has the high potential to be developed. One of the current efforts to develop sorghum is through a modern technique, molecular-based. Thus, in vitro culture is an indispensable basic technique, especially in the callus formation process. In addition to commercial synthetic chemicals, various organic materials found in nature have the potential to be used as PGR in initiating callus formation, one of which is honey. This study aims to obtain the optimum concentration of honey as a substituent of sorghum callus induction medium. The research design used a completely randomized design with one factor (honey concentration), which consisted of 5 dffrent levels (0, 5, 15, 25 and 35 gL-1). Observation variables consisted of callus formed (hsi), percentage of callus formation (%) and callus morphology. Data were analyzed using the F variance test and DMRT test at the 5% level. The test results of this study indicate that the two variables are significantly different. The fastest callus formation was in the M0 medium (0 gL-1.), while in the percentage of callus formation. The best results were in the M4 honey treatment (35 gL-1) of 77.78%. Thus it can be seen that the administration of honey as a substituent of in vitro culture media can help increase the success of sorghum callus formation.
Thermophilic bacteria are a group of bacteria that adapt to environmental conditions with high temperatures, ranging from 45 ° - 90 ° C. as the ring of fire, Indonesia has many volcanic areas as the source of thermophilic bacteria, once is in Ijen Crater, East Java. Thermophilic bacteria have the potential to produce heat-resistant / thermostable enzymes such as polymerase. DNA polymerase is a key enzyme in amplification process of DNA fragment. The objective of this study was to found the novels thermophilic bacteria isolated from Ijen Crater which has potential to be the source of DNA polymerase production. This study was carried out by growing the bacterial strains on suitable media, followed with thermal screening (70-900C), isolating and identifying the morphological and molecular characteristics of the selected isolates. Total of 12 isolates have selected after thermal screening in 700C for, which were identified as positive and negative bacteria in gram staining assay. All the selected isolates found to have same colony color in white, but various types in shape, border, elevation, and border with. There were 4 isolates that selected after incubation in 900C for 30 minutes, which were isolate 1, 5, 9, and 11. The DNA genome of four selected isolates then amplified using universal primer (16S rDNA) and pol1 to detect the presence of gene encoding polymerase. The result indicated that isolate 1, 5, 9, 11 were able to be the candidate thermophilic bacteria to produce DNA polymerase.
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