Evidencia de ramoneo por el ciervo nativo y casi amenazado Pudu puda en plantaciones de restauración en la Isla de Chiloé, Chile ABSTRACT Few studies have focused on the actual extent and spatial patterns of browsing in relation to forest restoration, especially when browsing is done by deer with conservation status. Here, we present data from three forest restoration experiments located in priority forests for restoration in Chiloé Island in Chile. The aim of this study is to report evidence of browsing of the southern pudu (Pudu puda), a native and Near Threatened deer species. We visually assessed browsing for all individual seedlings and calculated the average browsing extent per plot and treatment. Since pudus as well as other deer species are known to preferably feed in open spaces, we hypothesized that Pilgerodendron uviferum planted seedlings will present higher browsing rates in places with lower shrub cover (bogs) and canopy cover (upland areas) (H1). In the case of degraded North-Patagonian forests we hypothesized that Nothofagus nitida planted seedlings will present higher browsing rates in places with higher %PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) and/or lower residual basal area (H2). Our results indicate that browsing ranged from 9.3% up to 84.0% depending on tree species and site condition. In burned forests, browsing was significantly higher (p < 0.01) when shrubs were removed (84.0% ± 9.9) than by retaining them (68.9% ± 11.6). In degraded old-growth forests, we found significantly higher browsing in places with higher degradation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, %PPFD was significantly correlated with browsing (rho: 0.535; p < 0.01). Based on our results, forest restoration efforts in Chiloé Island will face a great challenge in balancing the protection of Near Threatened wildlife and the restoration of tree species with conservation problems, especially in open/disturbed areas, where higher browsing was found. KEYWORDS:Chile, forest management, forest restoration, herbivory, southern pudu. RESUMENEscasos estudios han relacionado el ramoneo nativo, sus patrones espaciales y su relación con la restauración de bosques, especialmente cuando el ramoneo es realizado por especies en categorías de conservación. En este estudio presentamos evidencia de ramoneo de pudú (Pudu puda) en tres experimentos de restauración de bosques ubicados en bosques prioritarios para la restauración en la Isla de Chiloé, Chile. La presencia de ramoneo fue visualmente evaluada en todas las plantas establecidas en los experimentos y se calculó la tasa media de ramoneo por unidad experimental y tratamiento. Los pudúes son conocidos por preferir espacios abiertos, por lo que se plantean las siguientes hipótesis: En bosques quemados de Pilgerodendron uviferum, las plántulas establecidas presentarán tasas de ramoneo más altas en lugares con una cubierta de arbustos y árboles más baja (H1); y en bosques adultos siempreverdes degradados las plántulas establecidas presentarán mayores tasas de ramoneo en lugares con mayor iluminación...
SUMMARYForest biomass is one of the main alternatives that Chile could promote to supply the long-term demand of energy, which can help to diversify the national energy offer. In this study we assessed the biomass availability from native forests, considering biomass extraction based on silvicultural management and environmental and legal restrictions in three regions of south-central Chile: La Araucanía, Los Ríos and Los Lagos. Based on the proposed scenario, the potential area of forest biomass decreased from 1,330,460 to 754,435 ha and the estimated forest biomass reached 31 Gg. According to these results, the electric and calorific potential energy is 26 GWh and 54 GWh, respectively. In a simulated scenario where the annual management represents 5 % of the available biomass area (37,000 ha year -1 ), the energy would satisfy the demand of more than 700 thousand homes. The use of forest biomass for energy production has several advantages which produce economic, social and environmental positive impacts. A key strategy for the development of this activity is related to the incentive to manage the native forests, which are mainly property of small and medium land owners. Further research on this topic should explicitly consider issues as spatial and temporal scale, accessibility, biomass quality, and socio-economic conditions of land owners.Key words: forest biomass, dendroenergy, non-conventional renewable energy, forest management, calorific value. RESUMENEl uso de biomasa forestal para la producción de energía eléctrica representa una de las alternativas que Chile podría utilizar para suplir la demanda de energía en el largo plazo, propiciando una mayor diversificación en la matriz energética. Este estudio cuantificó la disponibilidad de biomasa forestal de bosque nativo en las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos del centro-sur de Chile. Se consideró una extracción basada en intervenciones silviculturales, restricciones ambientales y legales, estimando la distribución espacial y el potencial energético de la biomasa. Al considerar las restricciones ambientales y legales, la superficie potencialmente manejable se redujo de 1.330.460 a 754.435 hectáreas, y la biomasa potencial disponible se estimó en 31 Gg. El potencial de energía eléctrica y calórica equivale a 26 GWh y 54 GWh, respectivamente. En un escenario simulado, con manejo anual de 5 % de la superficie disponible (37.000 ha año -1 ), la energía podría cubrir las necesidades energéticas (eléctrica y térmica) de más de 700.000 hogares de consumo promedio. La utilización de biomasa para producir energía tiene varias ventajas que pueden generar impactos positivos (económicos, sociales y ambientales). Una estrategia clave para el desarrollo de la actividad está ligada al incentivo para el manejo del bosque nativo, que se encuentra mayormente en manos de pequeños y medianos propietarios. Futuras investigaciones en esta materia deberían considerar explícitamente aspectos de escala espacial y temporal, accesibilidad, calidad de biomasa y condicion...
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