Escherichia coli from 10 different biological and environmental sources were isolated and characterized in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from January to May 2007. A total of 100 samples, 10 from each of human feces and urine, rectal swab of cattle, sheep and goat, cloacal swab of chicken, duck and pigeon, drain sewage and soil were collected aseptically and subjected to primary isolation by propagating in nutrient broth followed by culture on different agar media. Gram's staining and hanging drop techniques were also performed. Biochemical properties of the isolates were studied and reaction in TSI agar slant was also observed. Pathogenicity of 10 representative E. coli isolates, one from each source were determined by lethality assay in 12 day-old embryonated eggs, in day-old chicks and in day-old suckling mice models. E. coli was isolated successfully from all the samples. All the E. coli isolates were found to produce bright pink colonies on MacConkey agar, yellowish green colonies surrounded by an intense yellow green zone on BG agar and characteristic metallic sheen colonies on the EMB agar. In case of E. coli isolated from cattle, slight variation in colony character on EMB agar was observed showing greenish red colonies with faint metallic sheen. In Gram's staining technique, all the isolates were pink coloured, small rod shaped Gram negative bacilli and in the hanging drop technique they were motile. Reactions in TSI agar slant revealed yellow slant and butt with gas but no hydrogen sulphide production. Almost all the E. coli isolates fermented dextrose, maltose, lactose, sucrose and mannitol with the production of both acid and gas except E. coli isolated from drain sewage which did not ferment maltose and isolates from pigeon showed less production of acid and gas during sucrose fermentation. The results of Catalase, MR and indole test of the E. coli isolates were positive but V-P test was negative. In the embryo lethality assay, E. coli isolates from chicken, pigeon, duck, human urine, cattle, sheep and goats were virulent causing 33.33-100% death of the embryo except isolates from human faeces and drain sewage which were moderately virulent and that from soil which was avirulent. E. coli isolate of chicken origin found to be more virulent which caused 100% death of the embryos. Most of the embryos died between day-1 and day-2 PI. Chick lethality assay indicated that all the E. coli isolates were virulent as the mortality rate was more than 50%. In mice lethality assay, all the E. coli isolates were in the killer group causing cent percent death of mice within 10 to 42 h following inoculation. Among these three lethality assay models, avian embryo lethality assay was found to be most suitable to discriminate between virulent and avirulent isolates compared to day-old chick lethality assay and day-old suckling mice lethality assay where inconsistent results were observed. In conclusion, our result showed that E. coli...

OBJECTIVETo examine ankle-brachial index (ABI) abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSAn ABI was obtained in 2,240 patients in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial. ABIs were classified as: normal, 0.91–1.3; low, ≤0.9; high, >1.3; or noncompressible artery (NC). Baseline characteristics were examined according to ABI and by multivariate analysis.RESULTSABI was normal in 66%, low in 19%, and high in 8% of patients, and 6% of patients had NC. Of the low ABI patients, 68% were asymptomatic. Using normal ABI as referent, low ABI was independently associated with smoking, female sex, black race, hypertension, age, C-reactive protein, diabetes duration, and lower BMI. High ABI was associated with male sex, nonblack race, and higher BMI; and NC artery was associated with diabetes duration, higher BMI, and hypertension.CONCLUSIONSABI abnormalities are common and often asymptomatic in patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) has already been recognized as one of the important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The reported prevalence of CHD in live newborns tends to vary a lot due to various unrecognizable lesions at birth and lack of technical expertise. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Neonatology at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Bangladesh from January to December 2010 to find prevalence of CHD in neonates. Results: Out of 6560 admitted neonates, 51 were found to have CHD. The prevalence was 7.8/1000 live births. Mean age was 10.2±9.8 days and weight was 2380.5±590.5gms. Respiratory distress was the commonest symptom (71%) followed by cyanosis (26%) and reluctant to feed (24%). Among the CHD Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the commonest 15/51 and then Atrial septal defect (ASD) 12/51, Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 5/51, Transposition of great arteries ( TGA) 4/51, Complex heart disease 4/51 and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) 3/51 cases. Some associated non-cardiac anomalies like Down’s syndrome, polydactyly, syndactyly, cleft lip, cleft palate and cataract were found. Risk factors associated with CHD were diabetes mellitus (10%), hypertension (8%) and maternal infection (4%). Among the drugs, anti-pyretic by 20%, anti-emetic by 18%, anti-epileptic by 4%, vitamin-A and hormone each by 2% of mothers respectively. Conclusion: VSD and ASD were the commonest CHD in this study. Thorough clinical examination and proper investigations immediately after admission is essential, which may help us for proper counseling and early intervention. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 02 | Number 02 | July-December 2013 | Page 91-95 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i2.8942

A total of 100 different E. coli isolates collected from 10 different biological and environmental sources (10 isolates from each source) such as human faces, human urine, cattle, sheep, goat, chicken, duck, pigeon, drain sewage and soil were used for in-vitro drug sensitivity test in the

Hospitals (medical & veterinary) and slaughterhouse effluents were the most contaminating effluents and need to be paid more attention due to pathogenic bacteria related to animal and public health concern. Two bacterial isolates such as E. coli and Salmonella from six medical hospitals, five veterinary hospitals and five slaughter houses were isolated to find out the antibiotic resistance pattern by using disc diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance patterns of identified isolates showed that Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Colistin, Erythromycin, Oxytetracycline were 100%, Doxycycline was 83%, Gentamycin was 50% and Neomycin was 33% resistance to medical isolates and Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin and Erythromycin were 100%, Ciprofloxacin was 40%, Colistin was 60%, Doxycycline was 80%, Gentamycin was 20%; Neomycin and Oxytetracycline 80% resistance to veterinary hospital isolates and Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Colistin, Oxytetracycline, Gentamycin, Doxycycline and Erythromycin were 100% and Neomycin was 40% resistance to slaughter houses isolates of E. coli. The level of resistance of Salmonella positive isolates was found Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin to 100%, Ciprofloxacin was 67%, Oxytetracycline was 33% but Colistin and Neomycin was found sensitive to the isolates from both medical and veterinary hospital. Results indicated that hospitals and slaughter houses waste effluent has multiple-antibiotic resistance against E. coli and Salmonella.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 52-58