Effluents from hospitals and slaughterhouses are alarming threat for clinician to treat the patient with antibiotics due to harboring resistance bacteria. The study was undertaken to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern against Staphylococcus aureus in hospital and slaughterhouse effluents. Staphylococcus aureus from six medical hospitals, five veterinary hospitals and five slaughter houses were isolated by using different methods. This Staphylococcus aureus isolates was used to find out the antibiotic resistance pattern by using disc diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance patterns of identified isolates showed that Amoxicillin, Cefradin, Colistin, Cefalexin, Oxytetracycline and Pefloxacin were 100% resistance to hospitals and slaughterhouses isolates (except colistin 75% in slaughterhouse), and Enrofloxacin were 80%, 50%, 75%; Gentamicin were 40%, 50%, 50%; Kanamycin were 40%, 50%, 75% and Neomycin were 40%, 50% and 25% respectively, resistance to medical hospitals, veterinary hospitals and slaughterhouses isolates. Results indicated that hospitals and slaughter houses waste effluent has multiple-antibiotic resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Based on this study, some efforts have to be taken to reduce the possibility of resistant bacteria entering into and spread in the environments for securing possible public health threat. All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers

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Background Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a prevalent viral disease of sheep and goats that impacts productivity and international animal trade. Despite the substantial economic consequences related to PPR, little is known about the prevalence of this disease at the broad geographical levels. Objective The present study aimed to use a systematic approach to assess the regional prevalence of PPR in sheep and goats, and the associated factors that contribute to prevalence estimates. Methods Published articles on PPR in sheep and goats were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and the reference lists of articles reporting the prevalence from 1 January 1969 to 31 December 2018. Articles were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Since the heterogeneity among the studies was significant, pooled prevalences were estimated by a random effect meta‐analysis model. Results Data on the prevalence of PPR were obtained from Africa and Asia, where the pooled prevalence estimates were 40.99% (95% CI: 37.20%–44.79%) and 38.43% (95% CI: 35.64%–41.22%) respectively. Overall, the estimated pooled prevalence at Africa‐Asia level in sheep was 39.31% (95% CI: 35.75%–42.88%) and in goats was 39.57% (95% CI: 36.66%–42.48%). Significant heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was noted in most pooled estimates. Conclusion The results on the regional prevalence estimates of PPR presented here will be useful in raising awareness and advocating for Governments to engage in initiatives to eradicate PPR and prevent it from spreading to other continents.

Background Oestrosis, caused by the larvae of Oestrus ovis , commonly known as sheep nose bot, is an obligatory cavitary myiasis of sheep and goats. Oestrus ovis is a widespread parasite, but little is known about the prevalence of oestrosis at the global and broad geographical levels. The present study aimed to explore the epidemiology of oestrosis at the global and regional level to estimate prevalences and their associated factors using a systematic approach. This is, to the author’s knowledge, the first meta-analysis of oestrosis in sheep and goats. Methods Published articles were obtained from nine electronic databases (PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus, UCB library, Medline, Biosis Citation Index, Indian journals and Google Scholar) reporting the prevalence of O. ovis in sheep and goats from 1970 to 2018. Pooled prevalences were estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model. Results Sixty-six studies were eligible, and data from 40,870 sheep and 18,216 goats were used for quantitative analysis. The random effect estimated prevalence of oestrosis at the global level in sheep was 51.15% (95% CI: 42.80–59.51%) and in goats was 42.19% (95% CI: 33.43–50.95%). The pooled prevalence estimates for Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas were 47.85% (95% CI: 36.04–59.66%), 44.48% (95% CI: 33.09–55.87%), 56.83% (95% CI: 48.92–64.74%) and 34.46% (95% CI: 19.90–49.01%), respectively. Heterogeneity ( I 2 > 80%) was detected in most pooled estimates. Conclusions Oestrosis is highly prevalent in many geographical regions of the world, especially in Europe and Africa. Factors that contribute to the pooled prevalence estimate of oestrosis need to be emphasised in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of oestrosis. Furthermore, there is a need for immunisation or implementation of other preventive measures to reduce the burden of oestrosis in sheep and goats and to improve the health and welfare status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3597-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.