Background: Although Bivalves are among the most studied marine organisms due to their ecological role, economic importance and use in pollution biomonitoring, very little information is available on the genome sequences of mussels. This study reports the functional analysis of a largescale Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequencing from different tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis (the Mediterranean mussel) challenged with toxic pollutants, temperature and potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Downy mildew, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most serious grapevine diseases. The development of new varieties, showing partial resistance to downy mildew, through traditional breeding provides a sustainable and effective solution for disease management. Marker-assisted-selection (MAS) provide fast and cost-effective genotyping methods, but phenotyping remains necessary to characterize the host–pathogen interaction and assess the effective resistance level of new varieties as well as to validate MAS selection. In this study, the Rpv mediated defense responses were investigated in 31 genotypes, encompassing susceptible and resistant varieties and 26 seedlings, following inoculation of leaf discs with P. viticola. The offspring differed in Rpv loci inherited (none, one or two): Rpv3-3 and Rpv10 from Solaris and Rpv3-1 and Rpv12 from Kozma 20-3. To improve the assessment of different resistance responses, pathogen reaction (sporulation) and host reaction (necrosis) were scored separately as independent features. They were differently expressed depending on Rpv locus: offspring carrying Rpv3-1 and Rpv12 loci showed the strongest resistance response (scarce sporulation and necrosis), those carrying Rpv3-3 locus showed the highest levels of necrosis while Rpv10 carrying genotypes showed intermediate levels of both sporulation and necrosis.
Coffea arabica is susceptible to several pests and diseases, some of which affect the leaves and roots. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is the main defence mechanism activated in plants in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report the effects of benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester (BTH), a SAR chemical inducer, on the expression profile of C. arabica. Two cDNA libraries were constructed from the mRNA isolated from leaves and embryonic roots to create 1587 nonredundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs). We developed a cDNA microarray containing 1506 ESTs from the leaves and embryonic roots, and 48 NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat) gene fragments derived from 2 specific genomic libraries. Competitive hybridization between untreated and BTH-treated leaves resulted in 55 genes that were significantly overexpressed and 16 genes that were significantly underexpressed. In the roots, 37 and 42 genes were over and underexpressed, respectively. A general shift in metabolism from housekeeping to defence occurred in the leaves and roots after BTH treatment. We observed a systemic increase in pathogenesis-related protein synthesis, in the oxidative burst, and in the cell wall strengthening processes. Moreover, responses in the roots and leaves varied significantly.
20Microsatellite markers are valuable tool to facilitate management of germplasm 21 collections and to access the genetic diversity. In this study, the genetic characterization 22 of a large collection of 379 rootstocks and other non-vinifera accessions maintained at 23 the University of Milan (Italy) has been reported. Accessions were genotyped with 22 24 2 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers (including the nine 'international' loci used 25 for grapevine identification, three VMC, three VrZAG and seven VChr loci), but only 26 17 loci were retained for cultivar identification, to investigate genetic diversity, for 27 pedigree analysis, to infer population structure and to design a core collection. Two 28 hundred thirty-two unique genotypes were identified. The allelic profiles of sixty-nine 29 rootstocks were confirmed according to literature and databases, while the profiles of 44 30 rootstocks were proposed for the first time. Pedigree analysis highlighted 77 parent-31 offspring (PO) trios and XX PO relationships, some of them already known and some 32 other new. Analysis of the genetic structure showed a more likely number of three 33 ancestral groups, with a high percentage of admixed samples. A structure based on the 34 genetic background of genotypes was not observed. A core collection of seventy 35 genotypes captured 100% of the entire number (373) of detected alleles. Most of these 36 genotypes were unidentified or poorly characterized genotypes. The information 37 provided in this paper could assist breeders in better addressing their efforts in the 38 exploitation of still unexplored individuals useful for long-term breeding plans. 39 40 population structure, VVMD25 and VVMD32. 42 43 1855), a phytophage that attacks V. vinifera roots, by importing American vines, nearly 47 cultivar identification (Migliaro et al. 2013); iii) the three VrZAG loci are obtained from 132 V. riparia (Sefc et al. 1999); iv) the seven VChr loci are suggested for an easier 133 genotyping in V. vinifera (Cipriani et al. 2008) and not yet tested on non-vinifera 134 varieties. 135 PCR reactions were performed using forward primers labeled with fluorescent dyes (6-136 FAM, PET, VIC, or NED); three multiplex panels of fluorescent-labeled microsatellite 137 loci were used. Simultaneous PCR amplifications were conducted in a final volume of 138 595
Background: Little is known about the genome sequences of Euphausiacea (krill) although these crustaceans are abundant components of the pelagic ecosystems in all oceans and used for aquaculture and pharmaceutical industry. This study reports the results of an expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing project from different tissues of Euphausia superba (the Antarctic krill).
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