Previous research on ethnocentrism and lifestyle has focused on attitudinal segmentation. However, consumer attitudes may not always be consistent with the actual purchasing decision. Since behavioural intentions are more proximal predictors of behaviours than attitudes, segmenting markets using purchasing intentions might be more appropriate. The purpose of this study is to use purchasing intention to examine whether lifestyle and ethnocentrism can be useful indicators in segmenting foreign and domestic food markets. Data were collected from 1856 households in Turkey. Ethnocentrism, lifestyle (with its dimensions of fashion consciousness, cost consciousness, health consciousness, and craftsmanship) and demographics proved to be valid instruments in segmenting domestic and foreign food markets. The findings have implications both for foreign marketers who operate in or plan to enter the emerging Turkish food industry, and for domestic operators.

consumer ethics, moral development level, self-monitoring, self-concept, Turkey,

Abstract-The main purpose of this study is to explore the small and medium-sized enterprises specific components of organizational buying behaviour. The study is qualitative in nature, which presents primary data collected through ten indepth interviews participants of which are selected by snowball sampling method. The results obtained from the content analysis of the interviews show that there are ten major components of small and medium-sized enterprises' organizational buying behaviour, which are product specific factors, supplier specific factors, buyer firm specific factors, economic factors, market based factors, customer based factors, relationship based factors, decision makers, information sources, and intermediaries, which show some significant differences from the ones of existing organizational buying behaviour models.Index Terms-Buying behaviour, buying behaviour models, buying behaviour components, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), large companies.

Purpose: This paper aims to present a conceptual model for public relations specific to museums. Design/methodology/approach: Based on relevant literature, a contingency model is developed for the public relations practices of museums. Findings: The model offers the market orientation level of the management and the interest level of the publics as the major factors that influence the effectiveness of the public relations programs in museums. The interest level of the publics is offered as a moderating variable. Practical implications: The model suggests that the effectiveness of the public relations programs of museums depends on two major factors. Although the interest level of the publics may seem to be uncontrollable at first glance, its negative impact can be largely controllable by managers by changing their own market orientation level - by adapting the public relations strategy to the targeted public depending on the interest level of that public. Originality/value: The model is specifically designed for museums. It can be accepted as the first public relations model specifically offered for museums. The model here recognises the relationship between marketing and public relations. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Social exclusion threatens control, belongingness and self‐esteem, and such threats may produce distinct behavioural intentions. This study hypothesized that thwarted control would increase the intention towards unethical consumer behaviour. Additionally, it hypothesized that inhibiting belongingness and self‐esteem would decrease the intention to engage in unethical consumer behaviour for reconnection. To test the hypotheses, we conducted two online experiments, with 117 (63 females and 54 males) and 188 (91 females and 97 males) participants in the 18–64 age range, using the Cyberball game to manipulate social exclusion. The result of the first study indicated that social exclusion diminished the level of control and increased participants’ willingness to engage in unethical consumer behaviour. The result of the second study indicated that social exclusion decreased levels of belongingness and self‐esteem and this decreased belongingness reduced the intention to engage in unethical consumer behaviour for reconnection. These results show that sense of control and belongingness are two psychological mechanisms through which social exclusion influences unethical behavioural intentions. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to analyze the role of control, belongingness, and self‐esteem as the mechanism explaining why excluded individuals are more likely to engage in unethical consumer behaviour but less likely to do it for affiliation. Accordingly, the paper presents some important theoretical and practical implications in the consumer behaviour context.

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This study investigates the ethical evaluations of Turkish direct sellers of ethical dilemmas involving consumer complaints. In addition, the effects of market competition as well as some individual factors such as demographics, ethical ideology, locus of control, and Machiavellianism on direct sellers' judgments are also examined. The results suggest that the level of perceived market competition, formal education, external locus of control, relativism, and Machiavellianism explain the ethical evaluations of Turkish direct sellers. DOĞRUDAN SATIŞ ETİĞİ: TÜRKİYE'DEKİ DOĞRUDAN SATIŞ ELEMANLARI ÜZERİNDE KEŞİFSEL BİR ARAŞTIRMAÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki doğrudan satış elemanlarının, tüketici şikayetlerinden oluşturulmuş ahlaki olaylar hakkındaki değerlendirmelerini araştırmaktır. Bunun yanı sıra, piyasadaki rekabet ile satışcıların demografik özellikleri, ahlaki ideolojileri, denetim odaklılık ve Machevelizm düzeyleri gibi kişisel bir takım özelliklerinin de ahlaki değerlendirmeler üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, piyasadaki rekabetin algılanan düzeyi, eğitim düzeyi, dışsal denetim odaklılık, görecelilik ve Makyevelizm doğrudan satışçıların ahlaki değerlendirmelerini etkilemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: doğrudan satış etiği, tüketici şikayetleri, TürkiyeThis study explores the ethical evaluations of direct sellers who sell in a non-store environment, primarily at home, and hence, are different from typical salespeople who sell at stores.