The Office of Energy Management of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) has formulated a program for the research and development of technologies and systems for the assessment, operation, and control of electrical power systems when subjected to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The DOE EMP program plan is documented in a DOE report entitled Program Plan for Research and Development of Technologies and systems for Electric Power Systems Under the h_uence of Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulses, DOE/NBB-003, May 1983. This report summarizes much of the important results of this research activity for the period 1983 to 1992. The important elements of this work, such as system and component modeling, equipment testing, assessment methodology, etc., are described in the various sections of this report. Each section has its own references pertaining to the particular subject matter being discussed so that it can stand as a self-contained unit. At the end of the report, in Appendix B, a bibliography of ORNL-related publications resulting from this effort are presented.
This report has been reproduced directly from the best availaMe copy. This report contains information to assist the U.S. Department of Energy in making a determination on the feasibility and significance of energy conservation for distribution transformers as required by par. (a)( 1) above. The potential energy savings presented in this document are preliminary estimates appropriate for a determination study. Subsequent studies on this topic will involve more exact, detailed analysis on the effects of energy conservation standards for distribution transfonners.
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ABSTRACTThe report contains information for the US. Department of Energy to use in making a determination on proposing energy conservation standards for distribution transformers as required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The potential for saving energy with more efficient liquid-immersed and dry-type distribution transformers could be significant because these transformers account for an estimated 140 billion kwh of the annual energy lost in the delivery of electricity. The objective of this study was to determine whether energy conservation standards for distribution transformers would have the potential for significant energy savings, be technically feasible, and be economically justified from a national perspective. It was found that energy conservation for distribution transformers would be technically and economically feasible. Sect. 6317) requiring that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) assess the feasibility of energy conservation standards for distribution transformers. The objective of this study was to determine whether energy conservation standards for distribution transformers would have the potential for significant energy savings, be technically feasible, and be economically justified from a national perspective. distribution system. Electrical energy is delivered to consumers by utility power transmission and distribution systems. The transmission network delivers power at high voltages (69-765 kV) from power plants to local distribution systems. Transmission voltages are used to transmit high levels of power over long distances. The high-transmission voltages require lower currents, which reduce line losses, conductor material, and costs. Once the electrical power has reached the distribution system, it is transformed to lower primary distribution voltages (ranging from 4 to 35 kV) that are more economical for the short distances within distribution systems. The primary distribution voltage is transformed by distribution transformers to lower secondary voltages (120-600 Vac) that are suitable for customer equipment. These transformers provide the final link in the chain of electrical power components from the generating sources to the ultimate power-consuming equipment.Distribution transformers are very reliable devices with no moving parts and average lives of -30 years. There are two basic types: liquid-immersed and dry-type. Liquid-immersed transformers typically use oil as a combination coolant and dielectric med...
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