can operate in closed or open cycle. The cryocooled HTS transformer operates closed cycle and all refrigeration is self-contained [middle]. The opencycle unit [right] has an internal supply of liquid nitrogen refrigerant, which is automatically replenished, periodically, from remotely located liquefiers or storage vessels. Oil-filled transformers [left] in urban locations, which superconducting transformers may replace, are often surrounded by sprinkler systems [not shown] and oil containment structures.LVALIKFWA FI FClHlCSYSltFAS ransformers utilizing high-temperature superconductors are viewed as a "breakthrough technology coming at a very "opportune time." Possible utility customers for the new equipment, as well as power transmission and distribution experts, have gone on record with this judgment [see "The need and the promise, " p. 471.High-temperature superconductor (HTS) properties, improved refrigeration reliability, and lower refrigeration costs make it possible to overcome the limitations experienced in the low-temperature superconductor (LTS) transformer designs of the 1970s and '80s. (Note that HTS and LTS are relative terms for superconductors operating more than 195 degrees below 0' C.)Commercial success will depend on demonstrated reliability of operation and the scale-up of (HTS) manufacturing. The goal is to reach the high current densities already obtained in short conductor samples, except in long lengths and at reasonable cost. Such rapid progress is being made that commercially competitive and operationally superior HTS transformers are expected to be available in five to 10 years.
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