“…2.1. Observed GIC Activity Versus a GIC Index [6] A literature search was conducted to obtain documented occurrences of GIC activity observed in power networks over the past several decades [Barnes et al, 1991;Elovaara et al, 1992;Dickmander et al, 1994;Viljanen and Pirjola, 1994;Bozoki et al, 1996;Araki et al, 1997;Trivedi et al, 1997Trivedi et al, , 2007Viljanen, 1997;Boteler et al, 1998;Boteler and Jansen van Beek, 1999;Kappenman et al, 2000;Kappenman, , 2005Pirjola, 2000;Thomson et al, 2001;Erinmez et al, 2002;Beamish et al, 2002;Bolduc, 2002;Lam et al, 2002;Koen and Gaunt, 2003;Beland and Small, 2004;Pulkkinen et al, 2005;Gaunt and Coetzee, 2007;Liu et al, 2009a;Ngwira et al, 2009;Watari et al, 2009;Wik et al, 2009]. Only occurrences that reported GIC activity with time stamps accurate to the nearest minute with corresponding location coordinates were selected for further analysis, providing a direct link between the geophysical phenomena and the technological impacts [Pulkkinen et al, 2005].…”