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The endocrine glands of the protein-calorie deficient animals were smaller than those of pigs of the same age normally fed. However, relative to body weight, the adrenals were large, the hypophysis within the normal range, the thymus small and the pancreas and thyroid showed wide variations attributable to different degrees of oedema.In the tissues of the endocrine glands of the protein-calorie deficient animals the cells exhibited a loss of cytoplasm and, when normally present, of secretory granules, the severity of the change varying widely between the different organs of the same animal. Thus the exocrine portion of the pancreas was more severely affected than the islet tissue; within the latter \ g=b\ cells showed greater changes than did \g=a\cells. The cells of the thyroid gland were flattened and epithelioid in shape and those of the hypophysis were small, with many partially or wholly degranulated chromophiles. The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex was usually less severely affected, with, at some stages, a relatively excessive activity which contributed to the precarious endocrine balance. Since most of the animals were killed before sexual maturity less attention was given to the gonads. Testes, however, appeared to be affected by the deficiency to a greater extent than did ovaries.The relationships between protein-calorie deficiency, hypophysectomy and an excess of corticosteroids are discussed. It is suggested that in protei n\x=req-\ calorie deficiency, an adequate supply of protein for anabolic purposes is the primary factor with a subsequent alteration in hormonal secretions playing an important, but secondary, role.

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Fermented honey drinks may have been the earliest alcoholic beverages known to man and the discovery of them has been attributed to the Hamites (Seyffert, 1930).Another hypothesis of the origin of alcoholic liquors is that they were first encountered when wild fruits were stored in clay-lined holes in the ground (Renard, 1929). If beer was not in fact originally brewed by man in Africa, some alcoholic fermentations were developed on that continent. According to the mythology of the Egyptians, their first queen, Isis, discovered wheat and barley growing wild and king Osiris devised means of cultivating them. Osiris is reputed to have introduced the vine from his native country, probably Syria or Palestine, taught its cultivation and the making of wine and the brewing of beer, and, ultimately, he toured the rest of the inhabited earth, which included Ethiopia, teaching mankind how to sow wheat and barley, how to cultivate the vine, and how to enjoy their fruits. One interpretation of this Egyptian tradition is that the knowledge of the cultivation of wheat, barley and the vine, and of the making of beer and wine, was introduced into Egypt by people coming from Syria or Palestine at a very early period-long before the first dynasty, which began about 3400 B.C. ; the knowledge of these arts of civilization later spread to India, Europe and Ethiopia. The mountainous part of

1. A study was made of the partition of the major constituents of rat's milk during the formation of the clot in the infant rat's stomach.2. Milk was obtained from the dams by manual expression after separation from their litters for periods ranging from 12 to 23 h.3. The ratio of fat to protein in the clots removed from the stomachs of the 11-day-old pups was more than double that found in the milk. The difference was due to the high fat content of the clot.4. The stomach contents of DUDS which were allowed to suckle for I h following a 12 h separation from their dams had fat to protein ratio similar to that of the expressed milk, When suckling was prolonged, the ratio reverted to that of the established clot.5. Milk secreted under conditions of uninterrupted lactation and promptly recovered from the stomachs of pups previously fasted had a value for fat to protein comparable to that for the clot from a normally fed pup. An interruption in suckling therefore reduced the fat content of the milk.6. Part of the carbohydrate in rat's milk is secreted in a bound form. Lactose accounts for approximately one half of the total carbohydrate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the remainder may be an isomer of lactose.7. Fat and lactose undergo hydrolysis to a small extent only in the pup's stomach. The breakdown of protein is insignificant. Rat's milk contains no proteolytic enzymes.8. No significant differences in composition were found in the outer shell, the core and pyloric regions of the clot. Thus fat and casein leave the stomach in constant proportion.

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