IntroductionThe freshwater fishes Alburnus mossulensis (Heckel, 1843) and Acanthobrama marmid (Heckel, 1843) are cyprinid fish found in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Turkey and their adjacent basins in Iran (Kuru, 1978;Coad, 2010). The distribution of A. mossulensis in Asia extends from the Tigris-Euphrates basin to the very upper parts of the delta of the Kor, Mand, and Kul rivers in Iran (Bogutskaya, 1997). A. marmid is present in the Tigris, Euphrates, and Orontes river systems, the Berdan River, and Seyhan Dam Lake (www.fishbase.org).Several studies conducted at different localities in Turkey have investigated the growth and reproduction characteristics of A.

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Studies on the removal of toxic metals from water by genetic engineering applications are becoming more and more diverse. Especially by the expression of cysteine and thiol rich proteins such as metallothioneins in bacterial cells, a high rate of removal of metal ions from the environment is ensured. In this study, we evaluated the removal and reduction of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)from aqueous solutions with the recombinant strains obtained by cloning the human metallothioneinsMT2A and MT3 into Escherichia coli Jm109.E. coli MT2A was the most effective strain in both Cr(VI) removal (89%in 25 mg/L Cr(VI) application) and Cr(VI) reduction (76%in 25 mg/L Cr(VI) application).Cr(VI) adsorbed per dry cell (at 25 mg/L) were 17 mg/g, 22 mg/g and 19 mg/g for Jm109, MT2A and MT3, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the morphological structures of Cr(VI)treated cells were significantly damaged compared to control cells. Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images showed black spots in the cytoplasm of cells treated with Cr(VI).From the shifts in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) spectra of the cells treated with Cr(VI) compared to the control cells, it was determined that the groups interacting with Cr were amino, hydroxyl, methyl and sulfhydryl. When all these experimental data were evaluated together, it was concluded that all three species were effective in removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and MT2A strain could be used as the most effective biotechnological tool.

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Studies on the removal of toxic metals from water by genetic engineering applications are becoming more and more diverse. Especially by the expression of cysteine and thiol rich proteins such as metallothioneins in bacterial cells, a high rate of removal of metal ions from the environment is ensured. In this study, we evaluated the removal and reduction of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)from aqueous solutions with the recombinant strains obtained by cloning the human metallothioneinsMT2A and MT3 into Escherichia coli Jm109.E. coli MT2A was the most effective strain in both Cr(VI) removal (89%in 25 mg/L Cr(VI) application) and Cr(VI) reduction (76%in 25 mg/L Cr(VI) application).Cr(VI) adsorbed per dry cell (at 25 mg/L) were 17 mg/g, 22 mg/g and 19 mg/g for Jm109, MT2A and MT3, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the morphological structures of Cr(VI)treated cells were signi cantly damaged compared to control cells. Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images showed black spots in the cytoplasm of cells treated with Cr(VI).From the shifts in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) spectra of the cells treated with Cr(VI) compared to the control cells, it was determined that the groups interacting with Cr were amino, hydroxyl, methyl and sulfhydryl. When all these experimental data were evaluated together, it was concluded that all three species were effective in removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and MT2A strain could be used as the most effective biotechnological tool.

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IntroductionThe genus Cyprinion (type species: Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, 1843) is a western Asian genus of minnow, distributed from western Syria and the southern Arabian Peninsula to the western tributaries of the Indus River in Punjab (Pakistan). Including the 3 species of Cyprinion inhabiting the Tigris-Euphrates Basin, 5 species have been observed in Iran (Coad, 1995), but their taxonomic positions have not been fully resolved yet. However, distributions and morphological characteristics of C. macrostomus and C. kais have been investigated in Turkey by Ünlü (1999). Furthermore, karyotypes of 3 species, C. tenuiradius, C. macrostomus, and C. kais, have been studied (Esmaeili and Piravar, 2006; Nasri et al., unpublished data). The karyological analysis of C. macrostomus has been examined as well (Gaffaroğlu and Yüksel, 2004). Daştan et al. (2012) reported the genetic diversity of C. macrostomus. The revision of C. macrostomus and C. kais was studied by Banarescu and Straschil (1995). The length-weight and length-length relationships of C. macrostomus have been determined (Sedaghat and Hoseini, 2012;Bibak et al., 2013). There has been no study on the reproduction characteristics of C. macrostomus or the growth and reproduction characteristics of C. kais in the literature. Failure to study various aspects of these species in order to take necessary conservation measures may lead to depletion of its populations in the near future. C. macrostomus is an edible and valuable species for sport fishing (Abdoli, 2000) and is also used as an aquarium fish. It is called the "doctor fish", because it plays a therapeutic role in medical treatment (Ündar et al., 1990), and it is also known as "stone fish" due to its feeding activities. Cyprinion kais, an endemic freshwater fish in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin, is distributed in inland waters of Iran,

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