The formation of plankton/algae under natural conditions is related to tolerance class ecological optimum due to abiotic limiting factors of ecosystem, as well as the biotic interactions among algae. In the ecological niche, the appearance of organisms is affected by anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic environmental factors. "lgae composition and temporal variation in abundances are important in determining the trophic level of lakes. "lgal communities are sensitive to changes in their habitat, and thus, total biomass of algae and many algae species are used as indicators of water quality. "lgae communities give more knowledge on variations in water quality than nutrient or chlorophyll-a values. Water quality is a canonical group of physical, chemical, and biological properties of the given water. Consequently, eutrophication of freshwater is regarded as a water quality which results in the degeneration of the aquatic ecosystem and affects water utilisation. Cyanobacteria has been accepted as a major indicator of eutrophication in freshwater as their blooms are common in waters affected by nutrient concentration. The purpose of this chapter is to assess physical and chemical variables and the role of algal abundance to determine the water quality in the freshwater ecosystems.

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IntroductionThe freshwater fishes Alburnus mossulensis (Heckel, 1843) and Acanthobrama marmid (Heckel, 1843) are cyprinid fish found in the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Turkey and their adjacent basins in Iran (Kuru, 1978;Coad, 2010). The distribution of A. mossulensis in Asia extends from the Tigris-Euphrates basin to the very upper parts of the delta of the Kor, Mand, and Kul rivers in Iran (Bogutskaya, 1997). A. marmid is present in the Tigris, Euphrates, and Orontes river systems, the Berdan River, and Seyhan Dam Lake (www.fishbase.org).Several studies conducted at different localities in Turkey have investigated the growth and reproduction characteristics of A.

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Water is an important resource for all living beings. Therefore, the use of water and its supply from sources are very important. Wetlands are an ecosystem from mangrove to subarctic peatlands that have affected human. The earliest civilizations were established near the river, lake, and floodplains [1]. The Mesopotamian civilization is authoritatively accepted to have started around 4000-3500 BC between the Euphrates and Tigris River. The other ancestral civilization, Egypt, commenced in the Nile Valley at around 3200 BC. This represents the importance of the water and wetlands. The fact that people are in these regions is a reflection of how important it is for biotic diversity. Therefore, wetlands are a very critical ecosystem, and some of them are the most productive habitats.Wetlands occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land or where the land is covered by water [2]. Wetlands are the only ecosystems for whose conservation an international convention (Ramsar Convention) had been adopted as early as 1971. Ramsar Convention defined wetlands as "areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters" [2].Wetlands have about 6% of the earth although they play an important role in hydrology and include mangroves, peatlands and marshes, rivers and lakes, deltas, floodplains and flooded forests, and even coral reefs. A wetland is a generalized concept including coastal wetlands. It exists in every climatic region, ranging from the polar zones to the arid zones.Many wetlands are transitional area between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These ecosystems are divided into two groups depending on the quantity of water: permanent and temporal flooded. Since wetlands are distributed in many different habitats on earth, they