Testis tissue is prone to oxidation because its plasma membrane contains many polyunsaturated fatty acids. Naringenin is a plant-derived natural flavonoid. We investigated the possible ameliorative role of naringenin on the hydrogen peroxide (H O )-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. Animals received 12 mg/kg H O by intraperitoneal injection, and 50 mg/kg naringenin via orogastric gavage for 4 weeks. In the H O group, the testis malondialdehyde level increased, while the amount of reduced glutathione, glutathione transferase activities, and the testis weight decreased. There were severe testicular damages in the H O group otherwise their grade were less in the naringenin + H O group. However, the serum testosterone concentrations decreased in both the H O and the naringenin + H O groups. The testicular zinc and calcium levels reduced in the H O -treated rats. In conclusion, the administration of H O caused oxidative stress in the testes and naringenin supplementation decreased the H O -induced effects, except for changes in testosterone levels.

In this study, the effect of geraniol (50 mg/kg for 30 d), a natural antioxidant and repellent/antifeedant monoterpene, in a rat model of lead acetate-induced (500 ppm for 30 d) liver damage was evaluated. Hepatic malondialdehyde increased in the lead acetate group. Reduced glutathione unchanged, but glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, as well as carboxylesterase activities decreased in geraniol, lead acetate and geraniol + lead acetate groups. 8-OhDG immunoreactivity, mononuclear cell infiltrations and hepatic lead concentration were lower in the geraniol + lead acetate group than the lead acetate group. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased in the Pb acetate group. In conclusion, lead acetate causes oxidative and toxic damage in the liver and this effect can reduce with geraniol treatment. However, we first observed that lead acetate, as well as geraniol, can affect liver carboxylesterase activity.

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Thiamethoxam (Thmx) is a globally used neonicotinoid pesticide contaminated in freshwater ecosystems with residues detected in fishery products. Astacus leptodactylus is a popular freshwater crustacean that is cultivated and exported in many countries. In this study, we investigated the acute toxic effects of Thmx on A. leptodactylus using various biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and adenosinetriphosphatases). The 96-h LC50 value of Thmx was calculated as 8.95 mg active ingredient L–1. As the dose of Thmx increased, oxidative stress was induced by the inhibition/activation of antioxidant enzymes, while the activities of acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase and adenosinetriphosphatases were inhibited. As a result, it can be said that Thmx has highly toxic effects on crayfish, therefore they are under threat in the areas where this pesticide is used.

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Cyclotrichium niveum is an endemic plant for Turkey and it appears to have in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition properties. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study on the in vivo effects of this plant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of C. niveum on lead (Pb)-acetate-induced potential alterations in brain acetylcholinesterase activity, as well as oxidative stress in male rats. The rats were randomly assigned to control, Pb-acetate, C. niveum and Pb-acetate+ C. niveum groups. Pb-acetate was provided in drinking water (500 ppm), and C. niveum was administered via orogastric gavage (4 ml/kg) for 30 days. The acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain significantly decreased only in the Pb-acetate group. The malondialdehyde level significantly increased, and the reduced glutathione activity decreased in the Pb-acetate group. The reduced glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activities of the C. niveum group were higher than the control group. No Pb was detected on a ppb level in the brain tissue of the control and C. niveum groups, while it was detected in the brains of the rats in the Pb-acetate and Pb-acetate+ C. niveum groups (185+8.98 ppb and 206+56.65 ppb, respectively). The data collected in this study suggested that C. niveum may reduce inhibition of brain AChE activity and oxidative stress against Pb-acetate-induced alterations in the brain of male rats.

In this study, DNA damage and metallothionein levels were used as biomarkers to evaluate the protective potential of geraniol, a monoterpen against lead stress, in rats. Hepatic 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level used as a marker of oxidative DNA damage was measured by LCMSMS. Experimental groups were formed in four ways: control, lead acetate, geraniol and lead acetate + geraniol. Seven animals were used in each group. Geraniol and lead acetate were administered to rats for 30 days. In geraniol administered rats, 8-OHdG and metallothionein levels decreased significantly compared to lead acetate administered rats. The highest DNA damage and metallothionein levels were observed in lead acetate administered rats. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that geraniol protects cells against lead-caused damage by reducing ROS production. In addition, studies on the measurement of 8-OHdG by LCMSMS in