In the present study, it was aimed to screen the genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) retrospectively in women with gynecological symptoms who were admitted to a tertiary care university hospital in Ankara, Turkey. A total of 4267 cervical swab samples of women aged 18–79 years were sent to Medical Virology Laboratory from January 2017 to November 2020. Nucleic acid extraction and amplification of samples were done by an automated system. The test can detect 14 high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) types in a single analysis that performs a real‐time polymerase chain reaction, by providing individual results on the highest‐risk genotypes HPV 16 and HPV 18 and pooled results on other high‐risk genotypes (OHR‐HPV) (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68). HPV DNA positivity was detected in 14.2% (605/4267) of the samples. HPV type 16 and type 18 were detected in 2.4% and 0.7% of the samples, respectively. OHR‐HPV types were found in 8.8% of the samples. Of the 1.9% and 0.4% samples had mixed types with type 16+ OHR‐HPV and type 18+ OHR‐HPV, respectively. The results of this study presented the rates of HR‐HPV genotypes of a university hospital in Ankara, over a 4‐year period. It was observed that the positivity rate of type 18 is decreasing and some OHR‐HPV types are increasing. HPV vaccination is not in the national immunization program in Turkey yet, however, HPV vaccines are available and the vaccination rates for women are increasing.

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Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and their antibiotic resistance. Methodology: Bacterial culture results of LRT samples from 17 hospitals between 2016-2019 were included in the study. All isolates were identified and AST were performed by automated microbiology systems. AST was performed according to EUCAST. Results: Non-duplicate 30,051 (26,890 HA and 3156 CA) isolates detected as causative pathogen. LRTIs are caused by 85.1% Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and 14.9% Gram-positive. The most common isolates among HA pathogens were Acinetobacter spp. (27.4%), P.aeruginosa (22.2%), K.pneumoniae (17.9%); among CA pathogen S.pneumoniae (19.9%), P. aeruginosa (18.9%), H.influenzae (14.6%). ESBL rate was 62.5% in K.penumoniae; 53.1% in E.coli; 19.1% in Klebsiella spp; 13.9% in Enterobacter spp.; 8.6% in Proteus spp.; 6.3% in Citrobacter spp.; and 4.3% in Serratia spp. Resistance rates to carbapenems and colistin were 92.8% and 12.8% in A baumannii, 39.8% and 7.5% in P.aeruginosa, 47.3% and 18.5% in K.penumoniae. Among staphylococci, 27.3% of S. aureus and 82.4% of CoNS were methicillin resistant. 7.6% of E.faecium and 0.9% of E.faecalis were vancomycin resistant.  Linezolid resistant S. aureus, CoNS, E.faecalis and E.faecium rates were 0.3%, 2.9%, 0.0% and 4.6%. Inducible clindamycin resistant rate was 17.2% in S. aureus 38.2% in CoNS. Non-susceptible S.pneumoniae isolate rate to penicillin was 37.0%. 6.5% of S.maltophilia and 4.4% of B.cepacia isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance was mainly observed among A.baumannii and K.pneumoniae and continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the management of LRTIs is important.

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