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Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has become a major health issue worldwide. CKD patients require Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) throughout their life. Haemodialysis is one of the options for RRT. Arterio-Venous Fistula (AVF) creation is required for haemodialysis. The radiocephalic fistula is the initial option for creating vascular access. Fistula can be created by anastomosing cephalic vein to radial artery either by End-To-Side (ETS) or Side-To-Side (STS) techniques. Aim: To compare the efficacy rate of radiocephalic AVF using ETS or STS anastomotic methods. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analytical study conducted at SDM college of medical sciences and hospital, Dharwad from March 2017 to February 2020. A total of 43 CKD patients were enlisted for the above duration from the hospital records. These patients were included in the study since they underwent radiocephalic AVF creation. AVF creation at other anatomical sites for rest of the CKD patients was excluded. Out of 43 patients, 24 of them underwent ETS technique and 19 STS technique; 15 patients from the former group and 17 from the latter were followed-up for a period of three months. Eleven patients were lost to follow-up. Demographic variables were analysed with frequency, mean and standard deviation. Its association with two different operative techniques was analysed using Fisher’s-exact test. Outcome of the two operative procedures was analysed using Student’s t-test. Results: Effectively 15 patients from ETS group and 17 from STS group were compared. Three (20%) in ETS group and 5 (29.41%) in STS group had primary failure. Mean of maturation time in weeks in ETS group was 4.73±2.73 weeks and in STS group was 5.29±3.75 weeks. Three months patency rate in ETS group was 12 (80%) and in STS group was 12 (70.58%). Student’s t-test was performed comparing the above parameters and no statistical significance was noted. Conclusion: Comparison of two techniques of radiocephalic AVF creation proves that both the techniques are beneficial with no superiority of one over other.

Background: Acute appendicitis is a common cause of abdominal pain for which a prompt diagnosis is rewarded by a marked decrease in morbidity and mortality. Right Iliac fossa pain is the hallmark of acute appendicitis until proven otherwise. Decision making in a case of acute appendicitis may be difficult, especially for junior surgeons. Hence, we aimed at analysing the Alvarado Score in patients with right iliac fossa pain.Methods: A prospective study involving 120 patients with right iliac fossa pain attending KIMS casualty during May 2015- April 2016 were included in the study. Results: The least was in the age group of 56 to 65 years (2%). Out of 120 patients, 84 were males (70%) and 36 were female (30%). The male to female ratio was 1:0.4. Patients with Alvarado score 7-9 (Group I) includes 60 male and 26 females (71% of total study group). Alvarado score 5-6 (Group II) includes 17 males,19 female (22% of total study group). Alvarado score 1-4 (Group III) includes 7 males, and 1 female (7% of total study group). In patients of Group I, among 60 males, 51 were confirmed with acute appendicitis. Among 26 females, 19 were confirmed with acute appendicitis, with a positive appendicectomy rate of 81.3% and negative appendicectomy rate 19.7%. The numbers of patients were highest in the age group 15 to 25 years (38%) followed by 36 to 45 years (30%).Conclusions: The Modified Alvarado scoring system was found to be highly effective in the diagnosis of the acute appendicitis in men and can be widely used to avoid expensive time consuming and non-readily available additional investigations. However, this system was not very effective in women. Therefore, ultra sound examination of abdomen and pelvis and diagnostic laparoscopy are also advised to minimize the high false negative rate in women which excludes common pelvic pathology that mimic clinically acute appendicitis.

Apocrine hidrocystomas are small, asymptomatic, benign cysts commonly found in face. These tumors when in the region of the eyelids can cause significant functional and cosmetic morbidity despite their benign nature. Various modalities of treatment for such lesions have been enumerated in the literature. Here, we are describing a case of giant solitary recurrent apocrine hidrocystoma which is being managed by en-bloc excision with reconstruction of lower eyelid.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has so far accounted for reported 5.5𝑀 deaths worldwide, with 8.7% of these coming from India. The pandemic exacerbated the weakness of the Indian healthcare system. As of January 20, 2022, India is the second worst affected country with 38.2𝑀 reported cases and 487𝐾 deaths. According to epidemiologists, vaccines are an essential tool to prevent the spread of the pandemic. India's vaccination drive began on January 16, 2021 with governmental policies being introduced to prioritize different populations of the society. Through the course of the vaccination drive, multiple new policies were also introduced to ensure that vaccines are readily available and vaccination coverage is increased. However, at the same time, some of the government policies introduced led to unintended inequities in the populations being targeted. In this report, we enumerate and analyze the inequities that existed in India's vaccination policy drive, and also compute the effect of the new policies that were introduced. We analyze these potential inequities not only qualitatively but also quantitatively by leveraging the data that was made available through the government portals. Specifically, (a) we discover inequities that might exist in the policies, (b) we quantify the effect of new policies introduced to increase vaccination coverage, and (c) we also point the data discrepancies that exist across different data sources.