In this study, the optimization of microwave-assisted alkaline (MAA) pretreatment is performed to attain the optimal operating parameters for the delignification of cocoa pod husk (CPH). The MAA performance was examined by heating the CPH solid with different particle sizes (60–120 mesh) and NaOH solution with a different sample to a solvent (SS) ratio (0.02–0.05 g/L), for short irradiation time (1–4 min). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the percentage of lignocellulose composition changes. The results show that by enlarging particle size, the content of lignin and cellulose decreased while hemicellulose increased. By prolong irradiation time, the content of lignin and hemicellulose decreased while cellulose elevated. On the other hand, increasing the SS ratio was not significant for hemicellulose content changes. From FTIR and SEM characterization, the MAA drove the removal of lignin and hemicellulose of CPH and increased cellulose slightly. Supported by kinetic study which conducted in this work, it was exhibited that MAA pretreatment technology is an effective delignification method of CPH which can tackle the bottleneck of its commercial biofuel production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA   License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) yang biasa digunakan sebagai astringent dan antipiretik memiliki potensi yang tinggi sebagai bahan baku produksi minyak atsiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimalkan solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) dari daun beluntas menggunakan response surface metodology (RSM). Desain Box-Behnken dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi (60-120 menit), rasio bahan/labu distilat (0,06-0,1 g/ml), dan daya pemanas (150-450 Watt) digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan produksi minyak atsiri. Faktor rasio bahan/penyuling memiliki pengaruh signifikan paling tinggi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri (P<0,05). Rendemen minyak atsiri meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya daya pemanasan minyak dan waktu ekstraksi, dan sebaliknya. Di sisi lain, peningkatan rasio bahan/labu distilat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri. Hasil minyak atsiri maksimum menggunakan metode SFME sebesar 0,2728 b/b% diperoleh untuk kondisi optimal waktu ekstraksi 90 menit, daya pemanasan 450 W, dan rasio bahan/labu distilat 0,06.Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) which commonly used as astringent and antipyretic has a high potential for the feedstock of essential oil production. The objective of this work is to optimize solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of Beluntas leaves by using response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken Design with the variations of extraction time (60-120 min), feed/distiller ratio (0.06-0.1 g/ml), and heating power (150-450 W) was utilized to optimize essential oil yield. The feed/distiller ratio factor had the highest significant effect on the essential oil yield (P<0.05). Essential oil yield increased as the increase of oil heating power and time extraction, and vice versa. On the other hand, the increase in the feed/distiller ratio gave a negative impact on the essential oil yield. The maximum essential oil yield using SFME method of 0.2728 b/b% was obtained for the optimized condition of extraction time of 90 min, microwave heating power of 450 W, and feed/distiller ratio of 0.06.

Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that is used to reduce dependence on the use of fossil fuels which cause various negative impacts on the environment. Ulva sp. contains high carbohydrates so it has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol production. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of the fermentation process with the variables used time, pH, and yeast concentration. This study used the results of hydrolysis of Ulva sp. with optimum operating conditions of 0.1 N HCl concentration, 80 mesh particle size, and 450 watt microwave power. Measurement of bioethanol levels was carried out using an alcoholmeter. The results showed that the optimal conditions for fermentation were 7 days of fermentation, pH 5.5, and yeast concentration of 1.5% which resulted in a bioethanol content of 7.55%.

The Inulin is well-known as a valuable chemical since its structure contains fructose and glucose. Through extraction, inulin can be derived from Dahlia Sp. Tubers. Mostly, the acid and high temperature are used conventionally to extraction inulin from tubers. Instead of using acid and conventional hydrolysis, water and microwave-assisted extraction show promising. In term of the feasibility of the process, Dahlia Sp tubers are attractive alternative inulin feedstock as Dahlia Sp. tubers are abundant and cheap. This work is to find the optimum condition of inulin extraction in the aqueous medium based on the kinetic aspect. The Dahlia tuber powder was poured into microwave tubes filled with Milli-Q water in room temperature. Subsequently, the aqueous solution was added. Some tubes were located in a particular rack in the microwave reactor which was run on fixed temperature. The reaction time is in the range of 0-60 minutes. At diverse extraction times, a tube was withdrawn from the microwave reactor and speedily cooled down by the system to terminate the reaction. The reaction mixture was pipetted out, then the liquid product was separated from the mixture by centrifugation around 5-10 minutes. To identify and quantify, the liquid product was diluted then injected into vials to be analyzed with HPLC. A MALDI-TOF apparatus was also employed to identify the inulin structure. Variables investigated are temperature, loading concentration and reaction time. It can be concluded that (1) the optimum condition was influenced by temperature, loading concentration and reaction time; (2) the optimum condition providing the highest yield of 98.96 mole% was achieved at temperature reaction was 50 o C, loading concentration was 0,1 g/mL and reaction time was 50 minutes.

The Pegagan plant has a scientific name in the form of Centella asiatica L. which is included in the Centella genus, Apiaceae family, and kingdom Plantae. Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) has distinctive bioactive components, namely triterpene ester glycoside compounds in the form of asiaticoside and madecassoside, and triterpene group compounds in the form of Asiatic acid and madecassic acid. In this study, the extraction of bioactive components from pegagan was carried out using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method and will study the effect of ethanol solvent concentration in the extraction of bioactive compounds. Analysis of the extracted bioactive content was carried out by analyzing the total phenol content using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and ANOVA analysis. The results obtained from the study were in the form of total phenol content as an indication of the presence of bioactive compounds, namely at operating conditions of 450 watts of power, 50% ethanol concentration with a radiation time of 15 minutes which resulted in a total phenol content of 21.9244 mg AGE/g sample. In the ANOVA analysis with ethanol solvent, variables that gave a significant response to the total phenol content were microwave power, radiation time, and ethanol concentration with an R-square value of 95.31%. The effect of ethanol concentration on the total phenol content produced, namely the concentration of pure ethanol solvent will produce extracts with the smallest total phenol content, the effect of extraction time on total phenol content, namely the longer extraction time will increase the total phenol content. Maximum total phenol content using ethanol solvent that is, at operating conditions of 450 watts of power, 10% ethanol concentration with a radiation time of 15 minutes which resulted in a total phenol content of 520 mg AGE/g sample.

Peningkatan jumlah produksi batik memberikan dampak terhadap lingkungan karena limbah cair yang dihasilkan selama proses pembuatan batik. Penggunaan air dalam proses pembuatan batik rata-rata 25-50 m3 per meter kain. Produksi batik di Indonesia sekitar 500 juta meter per tahun sehingga membutuhkan air 25 juta m3 yang setara dengan kebutuhan air bersih untuk 2500 rumah tangga. Persediaan air bersih tersebut menjadi limbah cair batik dengan volume yang besar, warna yang keruh, dan bau yang menyengat. Limbah cair batik memiliki kandungan pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan Total Suspended Solid (TSS) yang tinggi. Solusi yang diberikan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah(1) penyuluhan mengenai kandungan kimia, dampak dan bahaya limbah industri batik terhadap ligkungan dan kehidupan manusia di sekitar kawasan industri, (2) penyuluhan/sosialisasi metode-metode yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk menangani limbah industri batik, (3) Penyuluhan/sosialisasi penggunaan dan perawatan teknologi tepat guna mesin pengolah limbah batik sebagai solusi mengurangi pencemaran limbah batik pada lingkungan hidup, (4) penyerahan teknologi tepat guna berupa green technology alat pengelolaan limbah batik.

In this research, the extraction of essential oil from fresh basil leaves using solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME)and microwave hydrodistillation (MHD) method. Several parameters influence the extraction of basil oil using SFME method: microwave power, the ratio between the mass of raw material with a volume of distiller (F/D), material size, and length of extraction time. Besides, the components contained in basil oil and changes in oil gland conditions in basil leaves before and after being extracted were also evaluated. The optimum condition was obtained as follows: microwave power of 380 W, the ratio between the mass of raw material with a volume of distiller (F/D) of 0.1 g/mL,  raw material size of intact (± 3 cm), with an extraction time of 60 min. Moreover, SFME has a shorter extraction time to produce yields than MHD methods. GC-MS analyzed the composition of basil oil, and there were 49 identified components. This study shows that SFME method more effective than the MHD method for extraction basil oil from fresh leaves based on time extraction and yield.

Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) is one of the herbaceous plants that grow, and flowers throughout the year. Pegagan has been used for hundreds of years, especially in the dermatology, and cosmetology industries. Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) has distinctive bioactive components, namely triterpene ester glycoside compounds in the form of asiaticoside, and madecoside as well as triterpene group compounds in the form of asiatic acid, and madecasic acid. There are various extraction methods to produce the following compounds namely, conventional extraction methods, and modern extraction methods. The two methods have differences in the results obtained. Therefore, the difference in the extraction method will determine the result of the difference in the levels of a compound. So that this research was carried out on the effect of Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) extraction using a comparison of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) methods on the total phenol content in the Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.)) extracted. Analysis of the extracteded bioactive content was carried out by analyzing the total phenol content using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method and analyzing the data through the Analysis of Response Surface Design expert 11 to see the significance of the research variables. The results obtained from the study are in the form of a comparison of the optimal conditions for the total phenol content, namely, the comparison between the UAE, and MAE methods for Centella asiatica (L.). extracted with ethanol solvent which is more optimal by using the MAE method because in a short time it can produce 1130.7882 mg.