In geodetic applications variety, one of the main current focuses is recently to determine the heights of ground stations with high accuracy. Specially the possibility of acquiring 3D information of the point positioning with high accuracy is opening up new strategies of investigating the heighting. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for 3D positioning is undergoing rapid developments and GNSS heighting can be an alternative to terrestrial techniques of height measurements. This paper presents a research study on the use of GNSS heighting in the case of steep slopes and multipath issue. Short baseline solution strategies were performed by using Bernese Software v. 5.0. The analysis results are also compared to the results of techniques of the terrestrial levelling. The results show that GNSS can be used as an practical surveying method to the terrestrial levelling with comparable accuracies. Furthermore, one can save up to 1 hour using GNSS instead of geometric levelling over a steep slope of a 100 m. On the other hand, as usual multipath is the primary error source decreasing the efficiency of GNSS, and it has been studied experimentally in this paper.
Post-processing kinematics (PPK) is positioning process in which signals received from a mobile receiving device store location data can be adjusted using corrections from a reference station after data has been collected. The processed kinematic screening method provides the surveyor with a technique for high production survey measurements and can be used in areas with minimal satellite barriers. PPK uses significantly reduced observation times compared to static or fast static observations. This method requires least squares adjustment or another multiple basic statistical analysis that can produce a weighted average of observations. The results obtained using PPK are between 1 cm and 3 cm for horizontal coordinates and from 1 cm to 10 cm for vertical coordinates.
Apsolutno određivanje položaja točke s GNSS/CORS (Globalni navigacijski satelitski sustav) u šumskim područjima predstavlja značajan izazov u smislu uštede vremena, kako bi se dobile što točnije koordinate točaka. Vrijeme za rješenje neodređenosti faze cijelih brojeva nosača obično traje jedan sat ili više za apsolutno određivanje točaka pod šumskim područjem s GNSS/CORS. U ovom istraživanju predložena je alternativna metoda za određivanje položaja točke, koja daje rezultate položaja s preciznošću na razini centimetra i potrebno je skoro 15 minuta kako bi se dala nova lokacija točke u šumskom području. Predložena metoda može također imati praktičnu primjenu za unutarnje prostore sa željenom preciznošću na razini cm, koja se postiže u kratkom vremenu promatranja. U ovom istraživanju, proveli smo terenski rad kako bi dobili koordinate točaka u šumskim područjima s GNSS/CORS sustavom i dodatnim mjerenjima, utvrđivanjem dviju kontrolnih točaka promatranih s GNSS/CORS lociranih na granici šumskog područja. Rezultati pokazuju da se zadovoljavajuće rješenje za šumsko područje postiže na razini cm (≈ ± 6 cm) u kratkom vremenu promatranja.
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