On the performance of GNSS levelling over steep slopes

Abstract

In geodetic applications variety, one of the main current focuses is recently to determine the heights of ground stations with high accuracy. Specially the possibility of acquiring 3D information of the point positioning with high accuracy is opening up new strategies of investigating the heighting. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for 3D positioning is undergoing rapid developments and GNSS heighting can be an alternative to terrestrial techniques of height measurements. This paper presents a research study on the use of GNSS heighting in the case of steep slopes and multipath issue. Short baseline solution strategies were performed by using Bernese Software v. 5.0. The analysis results are also compared to the results of techniques of the terrestrial levelling. The results show that GNSS can be used as an practical surveying method to the terrestrial levelling with comparable accuracies. Furthermore, one can save up to 1 hour using GNSS instead of geometric levelling over a steep slope of a 100 m. On the other hand, as usual multipath is the primary error source decreasing the efficiency of GNSS, and it has been studied experimentally in this paper.

Komparativna Analiza Geometrijskog Nivelmana I Statičke GNSS Metode Pri Razvoju Jednodimenzionalne Mikro Mreže

“…The height differences between the points obtained by the geometric levelling are adopted as reference values and the analysis of the internal and external measurement accuracy is given. In the paper [5], a study of use of the GNSS method for determining height differences in case of steep terrain was presented. In comparison with the results of the geometric and trigonometric levelling, the GNSS method has shown satisfactory accuracy.…”

“…geod., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, D. Obradović Square 6, Novi Sad, Serbia, tel: ++381 21 450 810, e -mail: mehmed@uns.ac.rs 4 Igor Sabadoš, dipl.inž. geod., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, D. Obradović Square 6, Novi Sad, Serbia, tel: ++381 21 450 810, e -mail: igorsabados@uns.ac.rs 5 Marina Davidović, dipl.inž. geod., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, D. Obradović Square 6, Novi Sad, Serbia, tel: ++381 21 450 810, e -mail: marina.davidovic@uns.ac.rs…”

Altitude on Cartographic Materials and Its Correction According to New Measurement Techniques

“…In the past, several authors have shown that GNSS levelling, i.e., the combination of GNSS height determination and geoid models, is an economic technique for determining physical heights [31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. However, the method itself is limited in two aspects: the accuracy of the ellipsoid height determination and the accuracy of the geoid model.…”

“…Several authors have claimed that by using GNSS levelling, a height determination accuracy of 1 cm can be achieved [46][47][48]. However, additional studies have shown that it is almost impossible to achieve such an accurate geoid model in mountainous regions [36,49]. The Earth's external gravitational field and is functionals (in addition to the geoid heights of interest and the gravitational anomalies and potential) can be determined using global gravity models (GGMs).…”

Validation of the GPS leveling method through the gradient analysis of the geoidal wave. Case study of Ecuador.

“…The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), through the use of satellite tracking equipment, allows ellipsoidal heights (h) to be obtained, which, depending on the positioning technique, can reach sub-centimeter accuracies (Erenoglu et al, 2012;Wang, 2013;Scholarin & Awange, 2015;Luna et al, 2017). The determination of these heights, together with geoid undulation values (N, from local or global models), allow the estimation of orthometric heights based on equation (1).…”