Performance Analysis of the Real Time Kinematic GPS (RTK GPS) Technique in a Highway Project (Stake-Out)

Pirti, Atınç

doi:10.1179/003962607x164989

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Essentially, it represents real-time implementation of differential correction. Compared with 'static' GPS, 'kinematical' GPS estimates are of lower accuracy (King, 2006) as height is less stable than horizontal position in this mode (Pirti, 2007). Typically, RTK GPS heights are accurate to around ±10 cm, but can be more accurate in open fi elds (Schmidt and Persson, 2003), such as the reported ±5.3 cm at the 95% confi dence level by Featherstone and Stewart (2001).…”

Section: Real-time Kinematical (Rtk) Gpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards accurate determination of surface height using modern geoinformatic methods: possibilities and limitations

Gao

2007

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Over recent decades several modern geoinformatic height-finding methods have emerged, including global positioning system (GPS), interferometric radar, and airborne laser scanner (ALS) or lidar. In conjunction with the conventional survey and photogrammetric method, they have found wide applications that demand varying levels of accuracy. In this paper, the principles of each method are briefly summarized. The discussion then concentrates on the accuracy level achievable with each method. The factors that affect the accuracy, wherever possible, are comprehensively evaluated. This review has revealed that the highest accuracy achievable is still with the levelling method, followed by the photogrammetric method. This situation is likely to change in light of real-time kinematic GPS coupled with ALS. In contrast to the imaging methods that are suited to obtain highly accurate, fine-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) at a local scale, GPS is the most efficient at obtaining heights at spots or along lines accurately. ALS is the only method applicable to acquisition of subsurface heights in vegetated areas. These airborne methods are complementary to their space-borne counterparts, such as Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping and Shuttle Laser Altimeter, both being ideal in obtaining DEMs at the regional and global scales. The synergistic use of GPS with lidar offers the best hope in obtaining cm-level accuracies essential for monitoring ground subsidence and tectonic uplift. Height measurements accurate to subcentimetres needed for national levelling surveys are possible only after the tropospheric path delay is externally calibrated using Raman lidar data during GPS data analysis.

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Section: Real-time Kinematical (Rtk) Gpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards accurate determination of surface height using modern geoinformatic methods: possibilities and limitations

Gao

2007

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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“…In the DD observations, most of the atmosphere delay can be eliminated considering the short distance between the base station and the rover station [16]. In the past, extensive research on the single GPS RTK was conducted to evaluate its performance in different situations [17][18][19]. The application of single GPS RTK may be extremely limited due to the insufficient number of satellites and the poor configuration of the constellation in hostile environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Inter-System Biases between BDS-3/GPS/Galileo and Its Application in RTK Positioning

Zhu

Zhang

2021

Remote Sensing

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For the development of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), the third generation of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) achieved full constellation for worldwide service on 23 June 2020. The new signals, B1C and B2a of BDS-3, further enhance the compatibility and interoperability between different GNSSs. In this study, we first assessed the quality of all the signals in BDS-3/GPS/Galileo. Then, to achieve the interoperability among BDS-3/GPS/Galileo, the inter-system bias (ISB), which appears if an inter-system difference exists between two GNSSs, was estimated at overlapping frequencies. Finally, we used the estimated ISBs in real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. The results show the higher quality of the overlapping frequency B2a/L5/E5a than B1C/L1/E1 in terms of pseudo range multipath. The ISBs are stable both in the short term for one day and in the long term for over a year, which fit a zero-mean normal distribution well when the identical type of receiver is applied. Thus, it is reasonable to ignore the ISBs in the inter-system differences. With the estimated ISBs, the inter-system double-difference RTK can be achieved, which is called a tightly combined model (TCM) RTK. Compared with the traditional intra-system double-difference RTK, which is called a loosely combined model (LCM) RTK, the TCM RTK can achieve a higher success rate (SR) in terms of ambiguity resolution and higher positioning accuracy. In addition, the higher the cutoff elevation angle set, the greater the promotion can be obtained in SR. Even with a cutoff elevation angle of 50°, the SR of TCM is over 80%. Thus, it is important to apply TCM RTK when the observation conditions are limited, such as in dense jungles or the urban canyons.

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“…Real-time Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning with centimetre-level precision and accuracy is commonly used and needed in utilities mapping [ 1 ], landslide monitoring [ 2 ], rapid earthquake source determination and tsunami early warning [ 3 ], coastal erosion monitoring [ 4 ], glacier and permafrost monitoring [ 5 , 6 ], river channel monitoring [ 7 ], precision agriculture [ 8 , 9 ], highway construction [ 10 ], structural monitoring [ 11 ], flood modelling [ 12 ], and photogrammetric mapping and LiDAR surveys from aeroplanes/helicopters [ 13 ] and unmanned aerial vehicles [ 14 ]. Most of these applications and studies have realized such centimetre-level positioning using local, single baseline real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Global Navigation Satellite Systems network real-time kinematic infrastructure for homogeneous positioning performance from the perspective of tropospheric effects

Penna

2020

Proc. R. Soc. A.

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Real-time centimetre-level precise positioning from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is critical for activities including landslide, glacier and coastal erosion monitoring, flood modelling, precision agriculture, intelligent transport systems, autonomous vehicles and the Internet of Things. This may be achieved via the real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS approach, which uses a single receiver and a network of continuously operating GNSS reference stations (CORS). However, existing CORS networks have often been established simply by attempting regular spacing or in clusters around cities, with little consideration of weather, climate and topography effects, which influence the GNSS tropospheric delay, a substantial GNSS positional error and which prevents homogeneous RTK accuracy attainment. Here, we develop a framework towards optimizing the design of CORS ground infrastructure, such that tropospheric delay errors reduce to 1.5 mm worth of precipitable water vapour (PWV) globally. We obtain average optimal station spacings of 52 km in local summer and 70 km in local winter, inversely related to the atmospheric PWV variation, with denser networks typically required in the tropics and in mountainous areas. We also consider local CORS network infrastructure case studies, showing how after network modification interpolated PWV errors can be reduced from around 2.7 to 1.4 mm.

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Performance Analysis of the Real Time Kinematic GPS (RTK GPS) Technique in a Highway Project (Stake-Out)

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Towards accurate determination of surface height using modern geoinformatic methods: possibilities and limitations

Towards accurate determination of surface height using modern geoinformatic methods: possibilities and limitations

Estimation of Inter-System Biases between BDS-3/GPS/Galileo and Its Application in RTK Positioning

Optimizing Global Navigation Satellite Systems network real-time kinematic infrastructure for homogeneous positioning performance from the perspective of tropospheric effects

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