Evaluating the Accuracy of Post-Processed Kinematic (Ppk) Positioning Technique

Abstract

Post-processing kinematics (PPK) is positioning process in which signals received from a mobile receiving device store location data can be adjusted using corrections from a reference station after data has been collected. The processed kinematic screening method provides the surveyor with a technique for high production survey measurements and can be used in areas with minimal satellite barriers. PPK uses significantly reduced observation times compared to static or fast static observations. This method requires least squares adjustment or another multiple basic statistical analysis that can produce a weighted average of observations. The results obtained using PPK are between 1 cm and 3 cm for horizontal coordinates and from 1 cm to 10 cm for vertical coordinates.

Spatial Analysis of Territorial Connectivity and Accessibility in the Province of Coclé in Panama

“…Unlike static or rapid observations, PPK uses less time [67]. The results obtained for the horizontal coordinates are between 1 cm and 3 cm; for vertical coordinates, they are between 1 cm and 10 cm [68].…”

“…Unlike static or rapid observations, PPK uses less time [67]. The results obtained for the horizontal coordinates are between 1 cm and 3 cm; for vertical coordinates, they are between 1 cm and 10 cm [68]. The ground sampling distance (GSD) describes the distance between the center point of two consecutive pixels [61][62][63].…”

Characterization of bird formations using fuzzy modelling

“…1–5 m), while PPK achieves cm-level accuracy (i.e. 0.1–10 cm) [ 36 ] (please refer to electronic supplementary material for more information). In order to do so, the support of a stationary base station is necessary, which should be as close as possible to the place of data collection.…”

Systematics of Forestry Technology for Tracing the Timber Supply Chain

“…Position of the individual standing tree to mill in any condition [111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119] Machine data position, measurement data, production data at the level of the individual from standing tree to forest road (harvester, forwarder) and beyond (logistics) [18,109,120] Data standards standardised input, processing and communication of data from forestry operations from standing tree to mill [19,109,[121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140] Remote sensing of the position and attributes of the standing tree offers opportunities for timber supply and forest management. Not only does it represent the first step in tracing timber flows to the mill and the associated ability to interconnect machines that collect data on the functional unit of timber, but it optimises planning, harvesting, primary transport, machine navigation, automation and forest management by requiring fewer personnel and resources to spend less time on each process [18,110].…”

“…Without access to the internet, the current position can be displayed on a map. The availability and quality of the GPS signal depends on the installed hardware, location, foliage and weather [113]. At least four satellites are required for this, whereas an increasing number of satellites available enables higher accuracy.…”