A 20-item scale to measure general impulse buying tendency was developed and validated in two studies. The scale includes cognitive aspects (e.g. lack of planning and deliberation) and affective aspects (e.g. feelings of pleasure, excitement, compulsion, lack of control, regret). The scale correlated signi®cantly with reported purchase frequencies of typical impulse products and number of recent impulse purchases. Impulse buying tendency was found to be related to personality-based individual difference measures, including the Big Five. Cognitive and affective facets of impulse buying tendency were both related to extraversion. The cognitive facet was inversely related to conscientiousness, personal need for structure, and need to evaluate. The affective facet was related to lack of autonomy and action orientation. The results suggested that impulse buying tendency has a strong basis in personality.

Two studies focused on impulsive purchase experiences. Feelings, considerations and ratings of purchase impulsiveness were measured with respect to a recent purchase by means of interviews immediately after the purchase in the shopping environment (Study 1) and through shopping diaries (Study 2). Feelings and considerations were measured by open-ended questions, which yielded a wide range of responses in each category. These responses were subjected to multidimensional scaling. The results demonstrated a high versus low arousal dimension of positive emotions and a hedonic versus utilitarian dimension of considerations. Emotions and considerations were predicted by general impulse-buying tendency, and were related to the experience of impulsive purchases. In Study 2, impulse buying tendency was measured 2 months earlier. Structural equation modelling confirmed a model in which general impulse buying tendency predicts the feelings and considerations in the purchase environment, which in turn, determine the experience of making an impulsive purchase.

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Nowadays, standards play a central role in the governance of international business relations; palm oil is no exception. The focal issue of palm oil is sustainable processes of production and sourcing, thus multi-stakeholder initiatives such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) set out the sustainability principles and standards, and manage the certification system (CSPO). Empirical evidence based on in-depth interview with various stakeholders in the Indonesian palm oil industry indicates that the development of the RSPO sustainability standards is perceived to be in favor of a particular interest group due to the asymmetrical power and unbalanced control structure of the stakeholders. Thus the powerful stakeholders are able to exercise imperative power over other stakeholders, to the extent that it actually contradicts the others' interests. This paper puts forward the notion that a more equitable governance system should be developed through the introduction of the reward system on the CSPO transaction.The reward system can demonstrate the original motivation of the RSPO toward consensus among all stakeholders to equally contribute in the implementation of sustainability Principles and Criteria (P&C) and standards.

AbstrakSejauh ini sudah cukup banyak hasil penelitian yang menyatakan adanya hubungan antara body esteem seseorang dengan harga dirinya secara umum, namun belum banyak yang memaparkan dinamika proses pembentukan harga diri itu sendiri. Penelitian berikut ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menemukan prediktor-prediktor dari rendahnya body esteem, dan (2) bagaimana prediktor-prediktor tersebut bersama-sama dengan body esteem selanjutnya berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan harga diri yang rendah. Subyek penelitian adalah 458 orang mahasiswa Unika Atma Jaya (229 laki-laki dan 229 perempuan), mereka mengisi kuesioner yang antara lain terdiri dari skala untuk mengukur BMI (Body Mass Index); evaluasi subyektif (kepuasan) terhadap tubuh; kebiasaan berpikir negatif tentang tubuh; body esteem; dan harga diri. Analisa hasil menunjukkan bahwa hanya kepuasaan terhadap tubuh; kebiasaan berpikir negatif tentang tubuh; serta BMI seseorang yang mampu memprediksi body esteem. Namun patut diperhatikan bahwa evaluasi subyektif seseorang lebih berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan harga diri dibandingkan dengan pengukuran proporsi tubuh yang lebih obyektif seperti misalnya BMI. Selanjutnya, body esteem dan kebiasaan berpikir negatif tentang tubuh mampu memprediksi harga diri. Sehingga dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan betapa pentingnya kebiasaan berpikir negatif tentang tubuh ---bila dibandingkan dengan BMI, yang sebenarnya merupakan pengukuran proporsi tubuh yang lebih obyektif ---dalam memprediksi body esteem; dan kesimpulan lain yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah bahwa kebiasaan berpikir negatif tentang tubuh juga memberikan kontribusi yang langsung dalam memprediksi harga diri secara umum, tidak seperti halnya kepuasaan terhadap tubuh yang hanya berkontribusi terhadap harga diri lewat kontribusinya terhadap body esteem. AbstractA considerable body of research has acknowledge the relationship between body esteem and the more general self esteem, however not much has been revealed concerning the dynamic process of self esteem development.The following research was intended to: (1) identify the predictors of low body esteem, and (2) how these predictors and body esteem itself consequently contribute to low self esteem. Participants were 458 college students in Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta (229 males and 229 females), they responded to a set of questionnaire that includes scales to measure BMI (Body Mass Index); subjective evaluation (satisfaction) on one's own body; negative thinking habit about one's own body; body esteem; and self esteem. Analyses revealed that only satisfaction on one's own body; negative thinking habit about one's own body; and BMI predicted body esteem. However, individual's subjective evaluation contribute more in the development of self esteem compared to the more objective measure of body proportion such as the BMI. Consequently, body esteem and negative thinking habit about one's own body predicted the more general self esteem. Results highlight the importance of negative habit of self thinking about one's o...

The study aimed to determine the effect of environmental optimism, as a cognitive–emotional factor, on the responsible use of electricity. Furthermore, it investigated the moderating effect of consumer concern on the price of electricity. An online survey was conducted on 345 young adults in Jakarta selected through the snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed using JASP version 15.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 reinforced with PROCESS macro. Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated that environmental optimism significantly explains the variance in electricity conservation behavior. The moderating effect of price concern was also substantiated by the result of the data analysis, thus the interaction between environmental optimism and dichotomous predictors of price concern (i.e. high vs low) was found to be statistically significant in moderating the effect of environmental optimism toward electricity conservation behavior. In conclusion, when consumers are initially dominated by price concern (a rational extrinsic motivator), then it reduces the effect of environmental optimism (an emotional intrinsic motivator) on responsible electricity consumption.

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