Structural and immunological differences between the two components that are usually present in unequal quantities in Bordetella pertussis endotoxin preparations and are visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been studied by using strains 1414, A100, and 134, all in phase I. According to analyses by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography, the minor (8%) component of the endotoxin of strain 1414 (endotoxin 1414) appeared to be the predominating component of endotoxins A100 and 134. The masses of the carbohydrate chains isolated from endotoxin A100 and from the major component of endotoxin 1414 were 1,649 and 2,311 atomic mass units, respectively, as determined by 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Comparison of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these chains established that four N-acetyl groups, an N-methyl group, and a 6-deoxy function, which characterize the nonreducing, distal trisaccharide of the glycose chain of strain 1414, were absent from that of strain A100. The antigenicity of endotoxin 1414, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was higher than that of endotoxin A100, but fell below it when the glycose chain of endotoxin 1414 was deprived of seven sugars by treatment with nitrous acid. This observation suggests that at least three (distal, proximal, and intermediate) regions of the glycose chain of endotoxin 1414 carry antigenic determinants. One of these, located in the distal trisaccharide, is absent from both endotoxins A100 and 134.
This paper reports on the development and validation of a brief scale, the Eating Disturbance Scale (EDS-5), as a screening instrument for problematic eating disorders in normal populations. A nationwide sample of 6313 subjects completed 22 questions about eating patterns. Using principal component analysis, these questions were cut down to ®ve items, forming a scale. From another epidemiological study (N835), 51 female subjects responded to these ®ve questions in addition to a clinical interview. The scale yielded a Cronbach alpha of 0.83 and 0.86, respectively, Also, a sensitivity and speci®city of 0.90 and 0.88 was found with respect to DSM-IV eating disorders. The concurrent and construct validity show signi®cant correlations with Eating Disorder Inventory subscales measuring disturbed eating (M0.55, range 0.44±0.73), and even higher correlations with similar factors from the self-report version of the Eating Disorder Examination (M0.73, range 0.60±0.89). The results suggest that the EDS-5 is sensitive to disordered eating patterns and that this instrument appears promising for screening purposes in community samples.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from 16 serotypes of PasteureUla haemolytica were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examined by silver staining and immunoblotting. Silver staining of proteinase K-digested cell lysates revealed two rough LPS serotypes (serotypes 2 and 8), which lacked demonstrable 0-polysaccharide, while 14 others demonstrated a ladder pattern characteristic of smooth-type LPS. Purified LPSs from several serotypes yielded 0-polysaccharide in addition to low-molecular-weight core oligosaccharide components when subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the 0-chain polysaccharides of serotypes 1, 6, and 9 to be identical. Immunoblots using hyperimmune rabbit, mouse, bovine, and ovine sera from homologous and heterologous serotypes supported this finding and suggested that most of the A biotypes share common 0-chain epitopes. Immunoblotting results also supported structural data which demonstrated that the 0-polysaccharides of serotypes 3 and 15 and of serotypes 4 and 10 (T biotypes) are identical. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that the core oligosaccharides of serotypes 1, 6, 8, 9, and 12 share similar structures, but that they are distinct from those of serotypes 3, 4, 10, and 15. Immunoblots with hyperimmune antisera and monoclonal antibody having specificity for the core region of serotype 1 LPS revealed shared epitopes in the core oligosaccharides of several A biotypes. Characterization of the molecular structure and antigenic specificities of LPS has been an important consideration in the development of purity and potency assays for veterinary vaccines which contain P.
Research in the past has demonstrated an association between low self-esteem and eating disorders. Recent research on self-esteem has shown, however, that self-esteem is composed of two distinct factors--self-liking and self-competence. The present study examined the relation between these two self-esteem factors and both eating disorders and eating disturbed cognitions. A total of 51 female participants from a high-risk population were clinically interviewed to identify the eating disorder and administered a series of questionnaires that included a measure of self-liking and self-competence. A strong relationship was found between self-liking and eating disorders, but no relationship was found between self-competence and eating disorders.
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