This study explores the mechanism for timely and equitable distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination among the various communities in Pakistan. It examines the factors that support and/or impede peoples' access and response towards COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. The study uses a literature synthesis approach to examine and analyze the situation of the COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. The research results show “hesitancy” and “inequality” as two fundamental challenges that hinder the successful delivery of COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. People are reluctant to use vaccines due to conspiracy theories and religious beliefs. However, inequality, especially unequal accessibility to all social groups appears to be a more significant barrier to getting a vaccine. We argue that there is a need to mobilize community influence, social media, and mass media campaigns for public education on vaccination programs along with the engagement of religious leaders to endorse the vaccination for the masses. The area of this study is underdeveloped; thereby, future studies are recommended to investigate the possible way for equitable distribution of vaccines in multiple regions.

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This study's purpose is to measure entrepreneurial intention in near and distant time scales using temporal construal theory and the theory of planned behavior. It examines new patterns to measure individual intentions to become an entrepreneur, which are classified into short-term entrepreneurial intention and long-term entrepreneurial intention, using a two-country study. A cross-sectional study of 447 university students in business and non-business disciplines from Pakistan and Vietnam was conducted. Structural equation modeling and the partial least squares model were used to present path modeling and multigroup analysis. The proposed model for entrepreneurial temporal intention was tested using the theory of planned behavior dimensions with the potential temporal spectrum of short-term and long-term intentions. The results indicated differences in individual entrepreneurial temporal intentions across the two lower middle-income countries. The findings depict that short-term entrepreneurial intention significantly mediates the effect between the theory of planned behavior dimensions and long-term entrepreneurial intention, and more specifically, that long-term entrepreneurial intention is higher than short-term entrepreneurial intention in both countries. In comparison, the theory of planned behavior dimensions indicated more power in Pakistan's student sample. This paper presents a new perspective to compare differences in entrepreneurial intention with time fluctuation and thus provides support in identifying potential nascent entrepreneurs based on their psychological distance in thinking and primitive action.Sustainability 2019, 11, 6529 2 of 26 behavioral actions. Entrepreneurial intention plays a significant role in driving the behavioral actions for a starting business [13]. At first, entrepreneurs need to figure out the steps involved in starting a new business and deal with the factors influencing planned behavior [14]. It is important to understand the process involved in the formation of entrepreneurial intention [15][16][17]. The question raised here is whether the formation of intention is a time-dependent process or not. Fayolle and Liñán raised an important point to test entrepreneurial intention models with new theories, methods, and mediating variables for better understanding the process of developing entrepreneurial intention [18]. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been widely used to assess the entrepreneurial intentions of university students [19][20][21][22]. Yet, TPB does not explicitly measure the process involved in the formation of entrepreneurial intention with respect to a time scale. Ajzen mentioned in an interview (conducted in 2019), regarding the implication of entrepreneurial research, that "whether the intention to perform a behavior 'in the future' versus 'in the next six months' makes an appreciable difference is an empirical question that has no a priori answer" [23]. Thus, the formation of entrepreneurial intention is a time-taking process and is influenced by...

This study aims to explore the support and impede factors of entrepreneurial activities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. By using the qualitative method, 18 in-depth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs operating micro-, small- and medium-scale enterprises. Interviews were transcribed for content analysis to generate themes using NVivo 12. COVID-19 has adversely affected the entrepreneurial activity in Pakistan was a key theme found after analysis. Three main categories were found as situations provoking business decline and their manifestation, entrepreneurial actions and reactions to COVID-19 crisis, and their futuristic plans amidst COVID-19. This research highlights issues entrepreneurs face to follow protocols of lockdown, social distancing, and operational hours. The findings of this study contribute to the scholarship of entrepreneurship and areas for the empirical investigation to develop efficient ecosystems to support entrepreneurs. This study suggests government and non-government stakeholders devise strategies for entrepreneurial revival post-COVID-19. This is probably one of the first qualitative assessment of the likely effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship. It also recommends interesting related research areas and suggestions on how to empower entrepreneurs to overcome it.

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The purpose of this paper is to understand the entrepreneurial intention and behavior with respect to time scale using the theory of planned behavior and temporal construal theory. These theories suggest the new patterns to evaluate the entrepreneurial intention and behavioral outcomes using different time intervals which are classified into short-term, mid-term and long-term. A new perspective has identified to study the entrepreneurial intention and behavior with time fluctuation, based on the psychological distance and primitive action. The aim of identifying the temporal construal for intention and behavior is to encourage future entrepreneurship research to contribute new knowledge that will support institutions to design better strategy. The exploratory research study discusses the potential temporal spectrum of intentions and behavior and propose a conceptual framework to study the short, mid and long term entrepreneurial intent and behavior of an individual in the context of factor and efficiency driven economies. This paper is an extension of published studies on entrepreneurial intention to constrict the future research into time scale and proposes new research directions to address the gaps.

Notions of masculinity, which promote the role of men as providers and decision-makers, alongside men's opposition to modern forms of contraception, have long been assumed to be a barrier to women's use of contraception in Pakistan. There has been little in-depth exploration of varieties of masculinity and how these may influence men's views of child-bearing or fertility preferences. This study used Participatory Ethnographic and Evaluation Research to explore married men's (aged 18 to 45 years) perceptions of marriage, child-bearing and fertility control. A total of 31 men were recruited as researchers in two provinces (Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), who, in turn, each interviewed two male friends. Men overall supported a 'smaller' family size and use of contraceptive methods. Drivers of this preference included perceived economic constraints, the desire to invest in children's education, and wider acceptability of contraceptive use. Limiting family size was associated with both the value of competent male providers taking care of their children, as well as being poor. Men wanted to have better access to information through a range of channels. Understanding the sociocultural contexts in which masculinities are constructed is essential before involving men in family planning programmes, so that gender inequalities are not reinforced.

The study’s purpose is to systematically review the scholarly literature about disinformation on social media, a space with enhanced concerns about nurturing propaganda and conspiracies. The systematic review methodology was applied to analyze 264 peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 to 2020, extracted from the Web of Science core collection database. Descriptive and bibliometric analysis techniques were used to document the findings. The analysis revealed an increase in the trend of publishing disinformation on social media and its impact on users’ cognitive responses from 2017 onwards. The USA appears to be the most influential node with its more significant role in advancing research on disinformation. The content analysis identified five psychosocial and political factors: influencing individual users’ perceptions, providing easy access to radicalism using personality profiles, social media use to influence political opinions, lack of critical social media literacies, and hoax flourish disinformation. Our research shows a knowledge gap in how disinformation directly shapes communal psychosocial narratives. We highlight the need for future research to explore and examine the antecedents, consequences, and impact of disinformation on social media and how it affects citizens’ cognition, critical thinking, and well-being.