Short-Term and Long-Term Entrepreneurial Intention Comparison between Pakistan and Vietnam

Abstract

This study's purpose is to measure entrepreneurial intention in near and distant time scales using temporal construal theory and the theory of planned behavior. It examines new patterns to measure individual intentions to become an entrepreneur, which are classified into short-term entrepreneurial intention and long-term entrepreneurial intention, using a two-country study. A cross-sectional study of 447 university students in business and non-business disciplines from Pakistan and Vietnam was conducted. Structural equation modeling and the partial least squares model were used to present path modeling and multigroup analysis. The proposed model for entrepreneurial temporal intention was tested using the theory of planned behavior dimensions with the potential temporal spectrum of short-term and long-term intentions. The results indicated differences in individual entrepreneurial temporal intentions across the two lower middle-income countries. The findings depict that short-term entrepreneurial intention significantly mediates the effect between the theory of planned behavior dimensions and long-term entrepreneurial intention, and more specifically, that long-term entrepreneurial intention is higher than short-term entrepreneurial intention in both countries. In comparison, the theory of planned behavior dimensions indicated more power in Pakistan's student sample. This paper presents a new perspective to compare differences in entrepreneurial intention with time fluctuation and thus provides support in identifying potential nascent entrepreneurs based on their psychological distance in thinking and primitive action.Sustainability 2019, 11, 6529 2 of 26 behavioral actions. Entrepreneurial intention plays a significant role in driving the behavioral actions for a starting business [13]. At first, entrepreneurs need to figure out the steps involved in starting a new business and deal with the factors influencing planned behavior [14]. It is important to understand the process involved in the formation of entrepreneurial intention [15][16][17]. The question raised here is whether the formation of intention is a time-dependent process or not. Fayolle and Liñán raised an important point to test entrepreneurial intention models with new theories, methods, and mediating variables for better understanding the process of developing entrepreneurial intention [18]. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been widely used to assess the entrepreneurial intentions of university students [19][20][21][22]. Yet, TPB does not explicitly measure the process involved in the formation of entrepreneurial intention with respect to a time scale. Ajzen mentioned in an interview (conducted in 2019), regarding the implication of entrepreneurial research, that "whether the intention to perform a behavior 'in the future' versus 'in the next six months' makes an appreciable difference is an empirical question that has no a priori answer" [23]. Thus, the formation of entrepreneurial intention is a time-taking process and is influenced by...

ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial intention among Vietnamese college students: an empirical study

“…Also, more scholars realized the potential worth of the intention approach (Fayolle and Liñ an, 2014) and tried to investigate the precursors of entrepreneurial intentions and whose works constantly create new understanding of entrepreneurship field (Do and Dadvari, 2017;Hsu et al, 2019;Jena, 2020). Moreover, most previous studies are carried out in the advanced economies (Nguyen et al, 2018) but is still less interested in emerging economies, such as Vietnam (Nasar et al, 2019;Tran et al, 2019). With regard to the linkage between ADHD symptoms and entrepreneurial intention, JEEE 14,3 according to the authors' best knowledge, it is still under-researched in the emerging economic context of Vietnam.…”

Community extension MSME's entrepreneurial activities in relation to poverty reduction

“…Since the advent of the coronavirus, COVID-19 has generated one of the most urgent crises at the global level in recent times; with the steepest downgrades in economic growth among all global recessions, there is no significant relationship between entrepreneurial performance and poverty reduction (Parnell et al, 2020 ; Ratten, 2020 ; Crupi et al, 2022 ). It has a negative impact on aspiring entrepreneurs, particularly those from developing nations where government help is restricted (Nasar et al, 2019 ). Authorities' lockdowns and movement control orders are the most significant elements influencing entrepreneurial activity (Nasar et al, 2019 ; Ionescu-Somers and Tarnawa, 2020 ; Perveen et al, 2022 ).…”

“…It has a negative impact on aspiring entrepreneurs, particularly those from developing nations where government help is restricted (Nasar et al, 2019 ). Authorities' lockdowns and movement control orders are the most significant elements influencing entrepreneurial activity (Nasar et al, 2019 ; Ionescu-Somers and Tarnawa, 2020 ; Perveen et al, 2022 ). The epidemic has also resulted in low demand and market stagnation, making it more difficult for entrepreneurs to continue their start-up projects.…”

“…The epidemic has also resulted in low demand and market stagnation, making it more difficult for entrepreneurs to continue their start-up projects. The business environment has heightened the dread of failure, with maximal risks of ceasing or reducing entrepreneurial activities (Nasar et al, 2019 ). The fear factor was highlighted as an essential indication restricting potential and embryonic entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial activities (Li, 2011 ; Morgan and Sisak, 2016 ).…”

A qualitative assessment of entrepreneurship amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

“…As the economic consequences would last longer, entrepreneurial activities will face a downward trend regardless of their presence in a developed or developing country. However, businesses could be resilient to external shocks in emerging economies ( Dahles & Susilowati, 2015 ; Nasar et al., 2018 , 2019 ).…”