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This numerical work proposes two novel designs of long-range surface plasmon resonance sensors (LRSPR) using two different coupling prisms. The performance analysis of the proposed sensor has been investigated using the performance parameters like quality factor ( Q ), detection accuracy (DA), sensitivity ( S ), and full-width half maximum (FWHM). The transfer matrix method (TMM) has been employed to compute reflectance. The role of the basic recognition element (BRE) has been played by the popular two-dimensional (2D) material, black phosphorus (BP), due to its many optoelectrical features. The maximum obtained values for Q , DA, and S are 3333.25 1 / RIU , 250 degree − 1 , and 13.33333 degree/RIU for 2S2G coupled sensor design and 3055.5   1 / RIU , 83.33 degree − 1 , and 36.66667 degree/RIU for BK7 coupled sensor design. The operating wavelength of 633 nm, followed by the principle of attenuated total reflection (ATR), has been employed to carry out the theoretical investigation.

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A biosensor based on the modified Kretschmann configuration is proposed here. The sensitivity of the conventional prism-based sensor using angular interrogation is low. To enhance the sensor's performance, layers of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and graphene have been deposited over the metal layer. The angular interrogation technique is used to analyze the performance of the sensor. The thickness of the Ag metal has been optimized. The thickness of the Ag metal is taken as 50 nm because minimum reflectance has been achieved. With the combinations of the four layers of ZnS and one graphene layer, the maximum sensitivity attained is 305°/𝑅𝐼𝑈.Performance parameters such as detection accuracy, FWHM, and quality factor of the sensor have been evaluated as obtained as 0.33 𝑑𝑒𝑔 −1 , 3.05 𝑑𝑒𝑔, 100.7 𝑅𝐼𝑈 −1 , respectively. The proposed sensor has potential application in the field of biochemical and biological analyte detection.

This theoretical investigation proposes the preliminary stage detection of cancer cells using a prism-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is label-free and rapid; it supports real-time investigations, including greater sensitivity, and it has an enormous possibility for detecting different forms of cancer. The refractive index alteration of cancer cells is 1.360–1.401. The performance of the SPR sensor has been analyzed. The different types of cancer cells for skin, cervical, blood, adrenal, and breast (type I and II) have been analyzed, and sensitivities of 292, 384, 229, 242, 254, and 261 (degree/RIU) have been achieved, respectively. A high figure of merit of 115.2 R I U − 1 has been achieved for HeLa cells and achieved detection accuracy of 0.32 d e g − 1 for basal cells.