Disparity in sentencing of criminals has been related to a variety of individual difference variables. We propose a framework establishing resonances or coherent patterns among sentencing goals, causal attributions, ideology, and personality. Two studies are described, one with law and criminology students, the other with probation officers. Relations among the different types of variables reveal two resonances among both students and officers. One comprises various conservative and moralistic elements: a tough, punitive stance toward crime; belief in individual causality for crime; high scores on authoritarianism, dogmatism, and internal locus of control; lower moral stage; and political conservatism. The second comprises various liberal elements: rehabilitation, belief in economic and other external determinants of crime, higher moral stage, and belief in the powers and responsibilities of government to correct social problems. Implications of these results are discussed for individual differences in sentencing, attribution theory, and attempts to reduce disparity.It is generally accepted that decision makers in the criminal justice system (e.g., judges, parole boards, probation officers) have a great deal of discretion to tailor correctional resources to individual offenders. However, this discretion has apparently created the conditions for widespread disparity, in that similar cases are treated differently by different decision makers. The recent policy movement toward determinate sentencing is a response to a decade of reports of judicial sentencing disparity (e.g., Frankel, 1973;Partridge & Eldridge, 1974). For example, in his study of Canadian judges, Hogarth (1971) concluded that "one can explain more about sentencing by knowing a few things about a judge than by knowing a great deal about the facts of the case" (p. 350). Similar results were well known even 30 years earlier (Gaudet, 1938;McGuire&Holtzoff, 1940).The major purpose of this article is to develop a framework for understanding individual differences among criminal justice decision makers and the implications of these differences for sentencing decisions. Research has generated dozens of individual differences associated with criminal justice decisions and decision makers (e.g., Brodsky & Smitherman, 1983). Continued proliferation seems inevitable. The goal of this article is to cut through this complexity by establishing a manageable number of underlying dimensions, attitudes, or resonances (Alker & Poppen, 1973) that integrate many types of individual difference variables. Additionally, we propose a causal structure for these resonances that builds from more fundamental and general attitudes about society and people toward more specific attitudes about crime and sentencing.

The success of community policing depends on the police officers who are responsible for implementing the programs. In essence, their attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors must be substantially changed before community policing can be put into practice. Chicago's community policing program, known as CAPS, became operational in March 1993 in five prototype districts. Before the program strated, officers were surveyed about their job satisfaction, their supervisors, and their opinions regarding community policing. Results showed that officers were very ambivalent about CAPS. They were supportive of some CAPS-related activities (e.g., solving noncrime problems), but not others (e.g., foot patrol), and were dubious about the program's effects on crime and neighborhood relations.

It is important that schema research uses tasks with rich information, direct relevance to behavior, and individual differences in schema content due to experience. Three studies investigated schemata of criminal types held by probation officers (POs). In Study 1, semistructured interviews revealed 10 schemata shared by a high proportion of POs that included information about criminal behavior, social histories, attributions, treatment and supervisory strategies, and prognoses. Experienced POs produced fewer but richer (more detailed) schemata than inexperienced POs. In Study 2, POs and clerical staff sorted items of information into case descriptions to validate the schemata. POs consistently reproduced schemata, but laypeople did not. Among POs, schema detail depended on experience with instances of the case type. Study 3 showed that schematic knowledge affects probation decisions. Cases fitting a schema were evaluated more consistently and distinctively, and judgments were made more quickly, easily, and confidently than for mixed schematic or real cases. These differences existed for experienced POs but not for clerical staff who lack schematic knowledge. Theoretical and practical issues of schematic processing, expertise, and decision aids are discussed.

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Community policing is the latest reform in law enforcement and is quite popular among politicians, citizens, and police managers. It evolved, in part, from a growing dissatisfaction with traditional police practices and a recognition of their shortcomings. The concept of community policing is rather nebulous, and in the field, it assumes many forms, including foot patrol, ministations, and community organizing. Both internal and external factors have limited the success of its implementation, and so far, it has never become fully operational on a large scale. Overall, existing evaluations suggest that community policing can have a favorable impact on the perceptions of police officers and neighborhood residents.

Samples of crime victims (burglary, robbery, felonious assault) and nonvictims were compared to examine the short-term differential and generalized effects of crime on psychological, behavioral, and attitudinal measures. Victims were more likely to report experiencing higher levels of vulnerability, fear, and symptomology, and lower levels of self-efficacy. Also, victims were more likely to engage in protective behaviors. There were fewer differences, however, among the three groups of crime victims. Burglary victims were more likely to report feeling vulnerable and fearful, while assault victims were more likely to express more negative views of the police.

The present study focused on firsthand and vicarious encounters between youths and police officers and the relationship between perceived police behaviors on youths ' attitudes toward the police and youths ' feelings of safety in their neighborhoods. Self-report surveys were administered to public high school students in a large urban area (Chicago). A total of 891 respondents completed the surveys and answered questions about their own encounters with the police and their observations of other youths' encounters with the police. Students who claimed that ofticers had disrespected them or other youths were less likely to trust and respect the police or to think that oficers are fair or care about the community, compared with students who claimed that oficers had respected them or other youths. Downloaded by [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] at 11:56 26 December 2014

This editorial introduces this special section of the Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, which focuses on justice-involved persons with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (CODs). It contains seven original articles examining CODs among justice-involved populations that vary by gender, age, setting (e.g., community/ court, jail, prison), environment (urban, rural), geographic region, and nationality. (PsycINFO Database Record