Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% of the world’s primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.

Setiawan A, Nugroho TS, Wibisono Y, Ikawati V, Sugardjito J. 2012. Population density and distribution of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in Central Java,. A survey of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) was conducted from July 2009 to November 2010 in the Dieng Mountains and Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. The purpose of the survey is to assess current population status and its distribution, including factors threatening the species. We used line transect method to estimate gibbon densities. We detected a total of 144 individuals in 56 groups on a 212.7 km length trail. Average group size was calculated as 2.57 (ranging between 2 and 7) individuals. We compared the population density between Mount Slamet and Dieng Mountains. It was found that the density in Mount Slamet was lower than in the Dieng Mountains with 1.7 ind./km2 compare to 2.5-7.57 ind/km 2 respectively. In total, there are about 1,034 individuals of gibbon in Central Java which is divided in two sub populations. The one in Mount Slamet is about 175 individuals whereas in the range of Dieng Mountains is 881 individuals. Establishing a protected area and enhancing conservation awareness are critically important for survival of this endangered ape. Conservation awareness should consider human needs of local people surrounding the forest habitat.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan pandangan hidup wanita Jawa dalam novel Bekisar Merah karya Ahmad Tohari. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Adapun jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Dalam penelitian ini sumber data berupa novel Bekisar Merah karya Ahmad Tohari. Adapun data dalam penelitian ini berupa satuan cerita dari kutipan yang menggambarkan pandangan hidup wanita Jawa dalam novel Bekisar Merah karya Ahmad Tohari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pandangan hidup wanita Jawa terbagi ke dalam tiga bentuk, (1) pandangan hidup wanita Jawa terhadap hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, (2) pandangan hidup wanita Jawa terhadap hubungan manusia dengan sesama manusia, dan (3) pandangan hidup wanita Jawa terhadap hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri.

Dieng highland in Central Java provides high potential habitat for the endemic Javan gibbon. In order to conserve the sustainability of Javan gibbon population and its habitat in Dieng, the conservation priority for high suitable habitat should be maintained. This study aimed to identify the HSM for Javan gibbon in Dieng highland and the most contributing biophysical variables. Medium-resolution variable layers, which interpret the biophysical environment of gibbon habitat, were derived and pre-processed from Sentinel-2 image and Indonesian elevation model product. A total of 305 occurrence data recorded in extensive field survey non-correlated 11 variables were maintained for HSM in presence-only machine learning, maximum entropy (MaxEnt). Suitable gibbon habitats were predicted as 81.286 km2. The area under the curve value estimated to be 0.971 and 83.516 % of validating points was on suitable habitat. The final model pointed out that the suitable areas were fragmented. Relatively large of the suitable patch for Javan gibbon located in Sokokembang, Linggoasri-Mendolo, and western of Kembanglangit were considerable to get the conservation priority. The most contributed variables were a natural forest, elevation, distance to cropland and land surface temperature, which are important factors to be considered when generating a conservation strategy for Javan gibbon.

This research aims to develop learning media using Moodle and apply blended learning methods to help improve the learning effectiveness of students at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Klaten. The research method used in this research is Research and Development. The results showed the average value of media experts was 79.55% categorized as feasible category, while the material experts were 75% categorized as feasible category. Whereas the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire, which could measure usability, from 32 students of SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Klaten consist of 29 Male and 3 Female Students obtained 71.25% which were categorized as acceptable category. The average test results of the students' pre-test scores were 58.75%, the post-test scores were 81.87%, an increase of 23.12%. The conclusion in this study is that learning media using Moodle-based blended learning methods are appropriate for use in basic graphic design subjects, and are effectively used to improve student understanding and learning outcomes.