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: Curcumin is one of the important natural compounds that is extracted from turmeric. This compound and its derivatives have numerous biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing effects. Extensive research in various fields has been conducted on turmeric as it is widely used as a food additive. The significant antifungal activity is one of the major effects of curcumin. In this paper, recent studies on the effects of different forms of curcumin drug on the candidiasis were systematically examined and discussed. The data in this study were extracted from the articles and reports published in the Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases. After the preliminary investigation, relevant reports were selected and classified based on the incorporated formulation and purpose of the study. After a systematic discussion of the data, it was found that the use of medicinal forms based on nanoparticles can increase the absorption and target the controlled release of curcumin with a more effective role compared to other formulations. Consequently, it can be concluded that new methods of modern medicine can be employed to increase the efficacy of natural pharmaceutical compounds used in the past. In this regard, the present study analyzed the effect of curcumin against various Candida infections using the recent data. It was found that applying a combination of drug formulation or the formulation of curcumin and its derivatives can be an effective strategy to overcome the medicine resistance in fungal infections, especially candidiasis.

Background As the new pandemic created by COVID-19 virus created the need of rapid acquisition of a suitable vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 to develop Immunity and to reduce the mortality, the aim of this study was to identify SARS-CoV-2 S protein and N antigenic epitopes by using immunoinformatic methods to design a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, for which S and N protein-dependent epitopes are predicted. B cell, CTL and HTL were determined based on antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity that were non-allergenic, non-toxic, and antigenic and were selected for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine structure. Then, in order to increase the safety of Hbd-3 and Hbd-2 as adjuvants, they were connected to the N and C terminals of the vaccine construct, respectively, with a linker. The three-dimensional structure of the structure was predicted and optimized, and its quality was evaluated. The vaccine construct was ligated to MHCI. Finally, after optimizing the codon to increase expression in E. coli K12, the vaccine construct was cloned into pET28a (+) vector. Results Epitopes which were used in our survey were based on non-allergenic, non-toxic and antigenic. Therefore, 543-amino-acid-long multi-epitope vaccine formation was invented through linking 9 cytotoxic CTL, 5 HTL and 14 B cell epitopes with appropriate adjuvants and connectors that can control the SARS coronavirus 2 infection and could be more assessed in medical scientific researches. Conclusion We believe that the proposed multi-epitope vaccine can effectively evoke an immune response toward SARS-CoV-2.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is considered the most catastrophic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to repeated hospitalizations, infection, gangrene, and finally amputation of the limb. In patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, the wound-healing process is impaired due to various factors such as endothelial dysfunction and synthesis of advanced glycation end-products, hence, conventional therapeutic interventions might not be effective. With increasing therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in recent years, their potential as a method for improving the wound-healing process has gained remarkable attention. In this field, mesenchymal stem cells exert their beneficial effects through immunomodulation, differentiation into the essential cells at the site of ulcers, and promoting angiogenesis, among others. In this article, we review cellular and molecular pathways through which mesenchymal stem cell therapy reinforces the healing process in non-healing Diabetic foot ulcers.

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BACKGROUND Several methods have been used to decrease the periorbital edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of hirudoid and dexamethasone in reduction of the periorbital edema and ecchymosis. METHODS Sixty patients who underwent primary rhinoplasty were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group H received hirudoid cream, 3 times per day for 5 days from postoperative-day (POD). Group D received 10 mg of dexamethasone IV, immediately before surgery; and group C (control) received neither dexamethasone nor hirudoid. Two surgeons who were unaware of administered medications rated the severity of edema and intensity of ecchymosis, on 2 nd , 5 th , and 7 th POD. RESULTS On 2 nd POD, the edema in group D was significantly lower than groups H and C; but there was no significant difference in severity and intensity of ecchymosis between 3 groups. On 7 th POD, the intensity of ecchymosis was significantly lower in group H in comparison to group C. When the difference between 2 nd and 7 th POD was evaluated, the resolution of severity of edema and intensity of ecchymosis was significantly better in group H (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Hirudoid was shown to be effective in reducing edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty. The use of dexamethasone was effective in prevention of periorbital edema at early postoperative days, but it was not effective on resolution of ecchymosis.

More than 90% of all liver malignancies are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), for which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the ideal therapeutic choices. Hepatocellular carcinoma is descended from other liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholism, and metabolic syndrome. Normal cells and tissues may suffer damage from common forms of chemotherapy. In contrast to systemic chemotherapy, localized chemotherapy can reduce side effects by delivering a steady stream of chemotherapeutic drugs directly to the tumor site. This highlights the significance of controlled-release biodegradable hydrogels as drug delivery methods for chemotherapeutics. This review discusses using hydrogels as drug delivery systems for HCC and covers thermosensitive, pH-sensitive, photosensitive, dual-sensitive, and glutathione-responsive hydrogels. Compared to conventional systemic chemotherapy, hydrogel-based drug delivery methods are more effective in treating cancer.

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