Background: Endo-perio lesions are clinical manifestations of inflammation in the periodontal and pulp tissue. Damage to the periodontal ligament can inhibit its ability to regenerate. Therefore, laser therapy use is expected to improve the prognosis with regard to healing lesions. Unfortunately, the duration of irradiation during laser diode therapy can influence the viability and proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cells. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effects of different irradiation exposure times of the 650 nm laser diode of the pulsed mode type on the viability and proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells. Methods: This study constituted a laboratory experiment on hPDLF cells using 650 nm laser diode irradiation. Six groups formed the research subjects in this study, namely; two control groups, two radiation groups respectively subjected to irradiation exposure of 15 seconds and 35 seconds duration followed by 24-hour incubation, and two radiation groups exposed to irradiation for 15 and 35 seconds respectively followed by 72-hour incubation period. The viability and proliferation of those cells were subsequently calculated by ELISA reader, while the data was analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The significance value of the viability scores between the 15-second irradiation group and the 35-second irradiation group was less than 0.05, indicating that there was a significant difference between these treatment groups. Similarly, the significance value of proliferation scores between the 15-second irradiation group and the 35-second irradiation group was less than 0.05, again indicating a significant difference between these treatment groups. Conclusion: Irradiation using a 650 nm laser diode 15 seconds and 35 seconds in duration can induce an increase in the viability and proliferation of hPDLF cells.

Background: Cleanliness of cavity is considered important for a restoration. Smear layer formed after cavity preparation should be removed in order not to disrupt the bond adhesion between restorative materials and dental cavities. Saponins contained in mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) have surfactant properties that can eliminate the smear layer assessed. 6% citric acid is a chelating agent which can eliminate the inorganic particles of the smear layer. Until now, the research on the differences of 0,78% saponin from mangosteen pericarp extract and 6% citric acid for cleanliness of cavity has never been done. Purpose: To see the differences between 0,78% saponin from mangosteen pericarp extract and 6% citric acid as cavity cleanser. Method: Eighteen human teeth with complete crown, no caries,  and no fractures were randomized in 3 groups (n≥6), in this experiment use (n=6). The cavity was prepared using wheels bur for hand use instrument. After instrumentation, each cavity on the first group used  0,78% saponin from mangosteen pericarp extract as cavity cleanser, the second group used 6% citric acid as cavity cleanser, and the control group used aquadest. Then, the teeth were split to be observed on Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Result: For Mann- Whitney test there were significant differences just between 078% saponin from mangosteen pericarp extract with 6% citric acid, and 6% citric acid with aquadest, but not for 0,78% saponin from mangosteen pericarp extract with aquadest. Median value of 6% citric acid showed 2,000 which is the smallest value compared to the value of the other groups. Conclusion: The cleanliness of cavity with 6% citric acid is better than that with 0,78%  saponin from mangosteen pericarp extract.

Background: Oral cavity is always associated with a dynamic atmosphere where the process of demineralization and remineralization will continue to occur. Caries is a pathological state of continuous demineralization process. Prevention of the occurrence of demineralization process can be done by enhancing remineralization, materials that can be used materials that can trigger a process of remineralization include fluoride, cpp-acp, and novamin. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential of bioactive-Glass (Novamin) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing dentifrice on enamel demineralization. Method: A total of 24 sound human premolars were divided into 4 groups and continued into pH cycling regime to be evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray. Result: Group D showed significantly higher values (P < 0.05) when compared with less demineralization lesion than Group A, B, and C. Conclusions: The ability of Novamin on demineralization lesions better than CPP-ACP.

Background: One cause of pulpitis is mechanical trauma such as pulp perforation. The emergency treatment of pulpitis in a clinic uses eugenol. Eugenol in a high concentration causes cytotoxicity, which causes local necrosis and inhibits the recovery process, while in lower doses it can cause oral mucosal hypersensitivity. Due to these side effects, it is worth considering other biocompatible materials with minimal side effects, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which is found in green tea. As a polyphenol, EGCG has a radical scavenging ability, which has an effect on reducing the number of neutrophils. The application of EGCG is expected to reduce neutrophils on the second day after injury so the rehabilitation process is completed more quickly and ongoing inflammation and pulp necrosis is prevented. Purpose: To analyse the efficacy of topical hydrogel EGCG in reducing the number of neutrophils after 48 hours in the perforated dental pulp of Wistar rats. Method: 20 Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups, which were designated control (C) and treatment groups (T1, T2, T3). The upper first molar teeth of each rat were perforated and then T1, T2, and T3 were given 60 ppm, 90 ppm and 120 ppm hydrogel EGCG respectively. On the second day, the rats were sacrificed. HPA preparations were made to calculate the number of neutrophils in each group. Data was analysed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Levene’s, one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p<0.05). Results: There were significant differences between T2 and T3 compared with C and T1 (p<0.05), but no significant differences in the comparison of T1 with C and of T2 with T3 (p>0.05). Conclusion: 90 ppm hydrogel EGCG is effective in reducing the number of neutrophils in the perforated dental pulp of Wistar rats.

Background: Photosensitisers play a vital role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in diode laser 405 nm therapy. Curcumin, chlorophyll and riboflavin have been used and viewed in several studies as effective photosensitisers for the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a persistent microorganism that may cause endodontic failure. While each has given valuable and promising results as an alternative endodontic irrigant, no study has compared the efficacy of these three natural dyes. Purpose: To prove that the photosensitiser curcumin in diode laser 405 nm therapy is more effective for E. faecalis biofilm degradation than chlorophyll and riboflavin, and that a duration of irradiation of 90 seconds is more effective than 60 seconds. Methods: The biofilm monospecies E. faecalis was divided into two microplates with 96-well according to the irradiation periods: 60 seconds (Group 1) and 90 seconds (Group 2). Each group contained one control (without a photosensitiser) and three treatments were carried out by adding the photosensitisers curcumin, chlorophyll and riboflavin, where each treatment contained eleven samples. After irradiation for 60 seconds and 90 seconds, a crystal violet assay was carried out for each group. Results: The one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference between groups based on the irradiation period. Tukey’s test showed each treatment in each group also showed a significant difference (p<0.05) with curcumin as the best substance to cause biofilm degradation in both groups. The duration of the irradiation showed that the longer the biofilm was illuminated, the lower the absorbance value or optical density (OD). Conclusion: Curcumin irradiated for 90 seconds gives better biofilm degradation on E. faecalis due to its natural properties and molecular structure, highlighting its efficacy in photodynamic therapy

Background: Propolis is a natural biocompatible material that has been widely studied in dentistry because of its inflammatory, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. One of the active components is caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). CAPE is effective in stimulating collagen as well as inhibiting the inflammation and degeneration of dental pulp. Purpose: To investigate the post-administration of propolis extract as pulp capping material enhances odontoblast-like cell thickness and type 1 collagen expression in Wistar rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Methods: This research was a true experimental design with a posttest-only control group design. Sixty-three Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, with each group consisting of 21 rats: Group I: Positive control; no capping material was administered; Group II: CAPE was administered; Group III: 11% of the propolis extract was administered. All samples were filled with glass ionomer cement. Seven rats from each group were sacrificed after days 7, 14 and 28 of post-pulp capping administration, and their afflicted teeth were subsequently extracted for histologic analysis. Results: No significant difference was seen in odontoblast-like cell thickness after the application of CAPE and propolis on days 7 and 14 (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was noticed on day 28 (p < 0.05), with the thickness of odontoblast-like cell in CAPE being thinner than that in propolis. A significant difference in the expression of type 1 collagen was observed on days 7, 14 and 28 after the application of the propolis extract compared with CAPE (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The post-administration of propolis extract as a pulp capping material could enhance odontoblast-like cell thickness and type 1 collagen expression in Wistar rats.

Background: Health industry has always used natural products as an alternative. Propolis, a natural antibiotic, is a resinous yellow brown or dark brown substance derived from honey bees (Apis mellifera). The main chemical compounds contained in propolis are flavonoids, phenolics and other various aromatic compounds. Flavonoids are well known plant compounds that have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. Propolis is expected to be an alternative used for root canal treatment with lower toxicity compared to calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2. Over the last decade, a new material, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was developed, and has been used as the gold standard. All materials used in mouth should be biocompatible. The initial level of material biocompatibility evaluation involves toxicity and genotoxicity tests. Purpose: This research is aimed to conduct comparison test of genotoxicity effect of propolis extract, MTA and Ca(OH) 2 on fibroblast BHK-21 cell culture. Methods: This research was conducted with single-cell gel electrophoresis method. results: The results indicate that propolis extract cannot cause DNA damage, while MTA can cause apoptosis and Ca(OH) 2 can cause neucrosis. Conclusion: It can be concluded that propolis extract has genotoxicity effect lower than MTA and Ca(OH) 2 , but MTA has lower effect on fibroblast BHK-21 cell culture.

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