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Purpose This study was conducted to establish age- and sex-specific reference standards for pterygoid hamulus (PH) dimensions using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods CBCT scans of 1,000 patients (493 males and 507 females) were retrospectively assessed in coronal sections for length and width measurements of the PH by 3 investigators. The study data were divided into 3 age groups (group 1: <20 years, group 2: 20–50 years, group 3: >50 years). Length and width were compared using one-way analysis of variance and the t-test for age and sex, respectively. Results The length of the PH on the right side significantly increased from group 1 (6.11±1.47 mm), through group 2 (6.65±1.67 mm) to group 3 (6.99±1.79 mm) and on the left side from group 2 (6.58±1.63) to group 3 (6.98±1.70). The width of the PH significantly decreased from group 1 (1.81±0.39 mm) to group 2 (1.61±0.39 mm) on the right side, and similarly from 1.87±0.36 mm to 1.67±0.37 mm on the left side. PH length (7.18±1.81 mm on the right side and 7.10±1.72 mm on the left side) and width (1.68±0.38 mm on the right side and 1.74±0.36 mm on the left side) were significantly greater in males than in females. Conclusion The length of the PH increased with age, whereas width first decreased and then increased. Length and width measurements were significantly higher in males than in females. These findings will aid in the diagnosis of untraceable pain in the oropharyngeal region related to altered PH morphology.

Capillary hemangiomas and pyogenic granuloma (PG) are well-recognized benign entities of the oral cavity which are vascular in origin. PG is said to have a predilection for gingival area, whereas capillary hemangioma involves the lips, cheek, and tongue. They may mimic more serious conditions such as malignancies making the clinical diagnosis quite challenging. There have been cases reported where PG was found on extra-gingival sites such as the palate, lips, and tongue. We present the two cases of lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) on extragingival sites, namely the palate and buccal mucosa, which manifested as a different lesion clinically and histopathological examination was indicative of LCH. The cases reported here show that relatively common pathologies can present on rare or atypical regions inside the oral cavity, and hence, it is imperative for the clinician to consider such lesions while formulating a diagnosis.

Objectives: Age estimation is a crucial aspect of forensic odontology, and the Tooth Coronal Index (TCI) has been widely used for forensic purposes in determining age. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of TCI in age estimation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, and TCI was calculated for the mandibular first premolar in 700 digital panoramic radiographs. Age was divided into five groups: 20-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, and >61 years. Bivariate correlation was used to establish the relationship between TCI and age. Linear regression was calculated for the different age groups and genders. Inter-observer reliability and agreement were assessed using one-way ANOVA. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Comparison of the mean difference from actual age showed underestimation in males aged 20-30 years and overestimation in males over 60 years of age. The least difference between actual and calculated age was found in females aged 31-40 years. Inter-age comparison using ANOVA for females demonstrated a statistically highly significant difference from actual age in all age groups (P<0.01), with the highest mean in females aged 51-60 years and the lowest in females aged 31-40 years. Inter-group comparison of mean TCI revealed statistically non-significant differences in males and statistically highly significant differences in females (P<0.01). Conclusion: Age estimation using TCI on mandibular first premolars can be recommended as an easy, non-invasive, and less time-consuming method. This study suggests that regression formulas were more accurate for males aged 31-40 years.

There is a close relationship between human and environment. Often we blame a person for some bad act, but the truth is that the environment is equally guilty in it, so today human existence is in danger due to damage to the environment. Now awakening of environmental consciousness has become very essential because the environment surrounds human society, not just in physical form but also in social form. By observing a person's behavior, his environment can be easily estimated. In this landscape, forest groves, river, mountain, fauna as well as climate and population all play an important role. Whenever there is an imbalance in them, human behavior also starts to become imbalanced. It has been proved scientifically. Therefore, there is a great need for ecological co-ordination in both environment and humans. This cannot be ignored at all. मानव और पर्यावरण के बीच घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध है। प्रायः हम किसी बुरे कार्य के लिए व्यक्ति को दोष देते है किन्तु सच्चाई यह है कि उसमें पर्यावरण भी उतना ही दोषी होता है, अतः पर्यावरण की क्षति के कारण आज मानव का अस्तित्व संकट में पड़ गया है। अब पर्यावरण चेतना को जगाना अतिआवष्यक हो गया है क्योंकि पर्यावरण भौतिक रूप में नहीं सामाजिक रूप मंे भी मानव समाज को घेरे हुए है। किसी व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को देखकर उसके पर्यावरण का सहज अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है। इसमें प्राकृतिक दृष्य, वन उपवन, नदी, पर्वत, जीव जन्तु के साथ-साथ जलवायु और जनसंख्या इन सबकी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है। इनमें जब भी असंतुलन होता है, मानव व्यवहार भी असंतुलित होने लगता है। यह वैज्ञानिक सिद्ध कर चुके है। अतः पर्यावरण और मनुष्य दोनों में पारिस्थितिक समन्वय की अत्यधिक आवष्यकता है। इसे बिल्कुल नज़रअंदाज नहीं किया जा सकता है।