The traditional production of corn tortilla has been modified by new processing technologies to make possible a commercial-scale production; this practice has resulted in products having sensory properties different from those produced by the traditional method. There is no published information on sensory attributes driving acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortillas. Identifying sensory drivers for acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortillas will help commercially produce products that satisfy consumers' expectations. A consumer study was conducted to evaluate acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortillas and determine drivers of acceptance and purchase intent of the products. Ten samples of corn tortillas were selected to represent a variety of corn tortillas available in the Mexican market. Three hundred Mexican consumers evaluated acceptability of appearance, color, thickness, rollability, resistance to tearing, aroma, chewiness, taste and aftertaste, and overall liking using a 9-point hedonic scale. Overall acceptance and purchase intent were determined with a yes/no scale. Analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance revealed that consumers were able to differentiate differences in sensory acceptability among 10 samples. For example, 2 homemade and 1 small commercial-scale samples, with an overall liking score of 6.6 to 6.7, were more acceptable than others. Rollability, resistance to tearing, and chewiness were attributes underlying overall differences among 10 samples. Attributes determining overall acceptance of corn tortillas were chewiness and overall liking. Purchase intent was influenced by overall appearance, rollability, chewiness, taste, and overall liking. This study revealed critical sensory attributes and their weights given by Mexican consumers when making decisions for acceptance and purchase intent of corn tortilla.
La energía electromagnética actúa sobre la materia e interrelaciona con los organismos biológicos, en cada etapa de desarrollo desde la germinación, y por ello puede ser una técnica de bajo costo para mejorar la calidad de semilla. En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto de la irradiación electromagnética sobre la calidad fisiológica de la semilla de maíz (Zea mays L.), del híbrido experimental ‘CL-11 x CL-12’, con un campo electromagnético de baja frecuencia. Se compararon 12 tratamientos de campos magnéticos, con intensidades de 160 y 560 mT y siete tiempos de exposición (t) de 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 y 480 min, en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas en la velocidad de emergencia y porcentaje de establecimiento de plántulas al cuarto día, y al día 17 en el peso seco. Se detectó bioestimulación positiva con exposición de 30 y 60 min a una intensidad de 560 y 160 mT (dosis de 705.6 y 27.42 K J m-3 s-1, respectivamente). Con la dosis de 705.6 K J m-3 s-1 hubo un incremento significativo de 69.2 % en comparación con el testigo en velocidad de emergencia, de 90.5 % en establecimiento de plántulas y de 36.6 % en peso seco.
Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor are important crops for animal and human nutrition worldwide. In the Central Highland Valley of Mexico, both crops are extremely important, and research is aimed toward increasing yield, disease resistance, and crop adaptation from 1,900- to 2,700-m elevation. In a 3-year field breeding experiment (2004 to 2006), leaf blight and vascular wilt symptoms were frequently observed in contiguous plots of maize and sorghum crops in Montecillo, Mexico and maize plots in Tecamac, Mexico. To identify and characterize the causal agent of these symptoms, isolations were conducted on leaves from areas where healthy and diseased tissues converged. Leaf sections of 1 cm2 from both crops were disinfested, placed on casamino acid-peptone-glucose (CPG) medium, and incubated at 28°C. After 48 h, only yellow colonies were observed and 12 isolates were selected for further characterization. Physiological and biochemical tests indicated that the isolates were nonfluorescent on King's B medium, and API 50 CHE (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) revealed that they were negative for gelatin hydrolysis, indole production, acid production from raffinose and positive for utilization of glycerol, D-glucose, mannitol, arbutine, esculine, salicine, cellobiose, maltose, melibiose, D-fucose, and D-arabitol; all characteristics of Pantoea agglomerans. Further identification of these isolates was accomplished by DNA analysis. For DNA analysis, 1.4-kbp fragments of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified with primer set 8F/1492R (3) and sequenced with U514F/800R universal primers (2). Five sequences were obtained and deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. EF050806 to EF050810). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the UPGMA method (mega version 3.1). Results of the phylogenetic analysis grouped the species P. ananatis, P. stewartti, and P. agglomerans into three clusters. The five unknown sequences were grouped into the P. agglomerans cluster. There was a 98 to 99% similarity of the five 16S rRNA gene sequences with P. agglomerans strain type ATCC 27155. Pathogenicity of the 12 isolates was confirmed by injecting 108 CFU mL–1 of inoculum into stems of 3-week-old maize cv. Triunfo and sorghum cold tolerant hybrid (A1×B5)×R1 seedlings in the greenhouse at 28°C and 80% relative humidity. Also, seedlings were inoculated with water, nonpathogenic isolates of P. agglomerans from maize (GM13, and HLA1), and not inoculated as negative controls. Three replications were included for each isolate and control. All test strains developed water-soaked lesions on juvenile leaves at 8 days postinoculation and were followed by chlorotic to straw-colored leaf streaks and then leaf blight symptoms at 3 weeks postinoculation. All negative control seedlings did not develop symptoms. In addition, the 12 isolates were infiltrated at 107 CFU mL–1 into tobacco leaves that displayed a hypersensitive response at 4 days, indicating the presence of the type III secretion system (1). Isolates were reisolated, and the 16S rRNA gene fragments were 100% similar to their original isolate sequences. P. agglomerans has been reported to affect other crops, including chinese taro in Brazil (2007), onion in the United States (2006) and South Africa (1981), and pearl millet in Zimbabwe (1997); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. agglomerans associated with leaf blight and vascular wilt symptoms in maize and sorghum in the Central Highland Valley of Mexico. References: (1) J. Alfano and A. Collmer. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol 42:385, 2004. (2) Y. Anzai et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50:1563, 2000. (3) M. Sasoh et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:1825, 2006.
Genotype, environmental temperature, and agronomic management of parents influence seed yield in three-way cross hybrid maize seed production. The objective of this research was to generate information on the seed production of six three-way cross hybrids and their progenitors, adapted to tropical lowlands. Data on days to—and duration of—flowering, distance to spike and stigmas, and seed yield of five female single crosses and five male inbred lines were recorded for different combinations of four planting densities and four sowing dates in Mexico. The effect of planting density was not significant. The male inbred line T10 was the earliest and highest seed yield and T31 the latest, occupying second place in yield. The single crosses T32/T10 and T13/T14 were the earliest and had the highest effective seed yield. At the earliest sowing date, the females were later in their flowering, accumulated fewer growing degree days (GDD), and obtained higher yields since the grain-filling period coincided with hot days and cool nights. To achieve greater floral synchronization and therefore greater production of hybrid seed, differential planting dates for parents are recommended based on information from the accumulated GDD of each parent. The three-way cross hybrids were classified according to the expected seed yield of the females and the complexity in the synchronization of flowering of their parents.
La raza Zapalote Chico de maíz (Zea mays L.) es un componente importante dentro de la diversidad genética de esta especie en la región del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México. Esta raza suscita interés entre los agricultores locales e investigadores con fines de preservación y difusión. Salvaguardar los recursos fitogenéticos es de relevancia para asegurar la soberanía alimentaria mexicana. Bajo el contexto del cambio climático, las características agronómicas y bondades de Zapalote Chico constituyen una opción viable para considerarse en los programas de mejoramiento nacional e internacional. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una caracterización morfológica de 18 poblaciones nativas de maíz sobresalientes de la raza Zapalote Chico para determinar el grado de variabilidad existente. Se registraron 16 variables cuantitativas y nueve cualitativas de la planta, la espiga y la mazorca. El análisis de varianza sobre las variables cuantitativas mostró que en 13 variables hubo diferencia estadística altamente significativa y en dos la diferencia fue significativa. En el análisis de componentes principales los tres primeros componentes explicaron el 59.06 % de la varianza acumulada; las características con mayor valor descriptivo de la variabilidad fenotípica entre las poblaciones evaluadas fueron la relación entre la altura de la mazorca superior y altura de planta, altura de planta, altura de mazorca, número de hileras de la mazorca, diámetro de mazorca, longitud de espiga y longitud del eje central de la espiga. Las colectas que más contribuyeron a la variabilidad fueron ZAP-MOR, OAX-827, OAX-832 y COL-51. La similitud fue más evidente en las poblaciones de mayor y menor altitud, ya que las de altura intermedia se apartaron notablemente, lo que puede obedecer a que son de la localidad de estudio y se probaron ahí mismo.
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