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JME is associated with poor sleep quality and altered architecture, irrespective of treatment status. REM sleep is significantly decreased in JME patients. Epileptiform discharges are frequent in lighter NREM sleep and EDI is higher in drug naïve patients. Although AEDs disrupt the NREM sleep, their use is associated with arousal stability in lighter stages of sleep and lower EDI, in particular with valproate.

The survey revealed few gaps in the knowledge amongst HCWs about NSSIs like risks associated with needle-stick injuries and use of preventive measures, disassembling of needles prior to disposal. These gaps can be addressed by extensive education. As nurses were the most affected victim for the NSSIs, more emphasis should be given towards them for reducing the NSSIs.

Background:The clinical profile of infective endocarditis (IE) has been continuously evolving over last 3-4 decades as highlighted by many studies from developed world.Objectives:To evaluate the recent changes in the spectrum and clinical profile, and outcome of IE in an Indian setup.Materials and Methods:This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Demographic, clinical, characteristics, treatment, and outcome were examined in ‘definite’ cases of IE admitted at our institute between July 2005 and December 2010.Results:61 ‘definite’ cases were identified. Mean patient age was 49.3 ± 13.7 years. Male to female ratio was 3.3:1. Rheumatic heart disease was the underlying heart disease in 23 (37.7%) patients. 33 (54.1%) patients had already received antibiotic therapy before presentation to us. Blood cultures were positive in 41 (67.2%) patients. Streptococci and staphylococci were the commonest microbial isolates, 9 (21.4%) patients each. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was done for all the patients. Vegetations were detected in 54 (88%) patients. Surgery was done in 30 (49.2%) patients. In-hospital mortality happened in 4 (6.5%) patients.Conclusions:We recorded several new trends, like: 1) an increasing age, 2) an increasing proportion of patients with no previously known heart disease, 3) improving culture positivity rates, 4) rise in staphylococcal infections, 5) increased usage of TEE, 6) high elective surgical rate, and 7) apparent improved survival rates. These changes point to the fact that ‘modern era’ changes in the profile of IE have started to appear in a selected population in India.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and diabetic painful neuropathy (DPN) are two distinct neurological conditions, which share many similarities. As RLS occurs frequently in persons with diabetes, the differential diagnosis and management of RLS and DPN may pose a clinical challenge. This communication describes the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment of both conditions. It highlights the similarities and differences between RLS and DPN, and helps the physician plan a rational clinical and therapeutic approach.

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Our findings suggest that there is a definite increase in the multidrug resistant organisms. The data on the changing trends in antibiotic resistance, we believe is an important pillar in our efforts at improving infection control practices.