A total of 149 patients admitted for elective colorectal surgery were randomly allocated to receive preoperative mechanical bowel preparation (group 1) or no mechanical bowel preparation (group 2). All patients received antimicrobial prophylaxis with cephalothin and metronidazole. The overall incidence of wound infection was 17.4 per cent (24 per cent for group 1, 12 per cent for group 2) and that of dehiscence 7.4 per cent (10 per cent for group 1, 5 per cent for group 2). The incidence of wound infection was significantly higher in group 1 (P < 0.05) but that of anastomotic dehiscence did not differ significantly between groups. Mechanical bowel preparation is unnecessary and may be harmful in terms of preventing wound infection and anastomotic dehiscence in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery.

Numa exposição didática, de caráter teórico-metodológico, o autor explica o modo como utiliza em suas pesquisas a categoria "raça", em conexão com outras categorias como "cor", "etnia", "região", "classe", "nação", "povo", "estado", etc. A partir do pressuposto de que os conceitos, teóricos ou não, só podem ser aplicados e entendidos no seu contexto discursivo, o autor estabelece a distinção entre conceitos "analíticos" e "nativos", ou seja, entre categorias retiradas de um corpus teórico e categorias que compõem o próprio universo discursivo dos sujeitos que estão sendo analisados, mas que devem ser utilizados pelo sociólogo. Na parte central do texto, o autor esboça uma história dos significados da categoria "raça" no Brasil e das diversas explicações do caráter das relações entre brancos e negros avançadas pela Sociologia: desde o trabalho pioneiro de Donald Pierson, nos anos 1940, passando pelos estudos da Unesco, nos anos 1950, os trabalhos da chamada "escola paulista", nos anos 1960, e a retomada da teoria da "democracia racial" nos anos mais recentes, em estreito diálogo com os movimentos negros. O autor termina por fazer uma pequena discussão sobre os diversos estímulos, ou perguntas, dados em pesquisas tipo survey, para definição e mensuração da variável cor ou raça.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most frequent conditions encountered in the daily practice of dentists who treat special-needs patients and it seems that parafunctional oral habits are often present in such individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of parafunctional habits in individuals with CP. Sixty-five patients with CP were evaluated through a questionnaire and clinical observation, regarding the following habits: pacifier-sucking, finger-sucking, biting objects, tongue interposition, and bruxism. The results showed that nine (13.8%) patients presented with pacifier-sucking, four (6.1%) showed finger-sucking, 12 (18.4%) had the habit of biting objects, 27 (41.5%) presented with tongue interposition, and 24 (36.9%) had eccentric bruxism. The significance of the presence of oral parafunctional habits in individuals with CP, revealed in this study, justifies the need to establish protocols for adequate prevention and clinical intervention in order to minimize the deleterious consequences that may result from such habits.

Professor do Departamento de Sociologia-USP RESUMO: O autor analisa a formação do campo temático dos estudos de relações raciais, no Brasil dos anos 1940, e sua posterior superação pelos estudos de identidade racial e racismo, nos anos 1970, buscando precisar a história dos significados teóricos de dois conceitos: preconceito de cor e racismo. Retroagindo ao final do século XIX, o autor argumenta que o racialismo dogmático de então foi desbancado pelo culturalismo do começo do século XX, apenas para ceder lugar à imprecisão entre a expressão nativa "preconceito de cor" e "preconceito racial", esta última introduzida pelo paradigma das relações raciais, gerado pela Escola de Chicago. Com a superação deste, nos anos 1970, e sua substituição por paradigmas que utilizam quase exclusivamente a análise estrutural e institucional, o conceito de racismo passou a denominar de maneira imprecisa todas as dimensões da vida social e da interação entre "brancos" e "negros". O autor sugere que apenas um retorno à separação analítica das diversas formas de interação e dimensões da vida social pode restituir a esse campo disciplinar a riqueza que teve nos primórdios das ciências sociais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: racismo, preconceito de cor, preconceito racial, relações raciais.

RESUMONeste artigo, restringirei a análise do movimento por ações afirmativas ao sistema de educação superior do país, setor mais visado pelas demandas dos militantes e, por isso mesmo, responsável pelo caráter de classe média dessas ações. Como veremos, tais demandas encontraram respostas quase que imediatas do sistema político brasileiro, tanto por parte do governo quanto por parte dos políticos, ainda que continuem despertando fortes resistências da sociedade civil. Meu propósito é compreender os motivos de reações tão díspares. Antes, porém, farei uma rápida apresentação dos problemas educacionais do país e também das medidas que vêm sendo adotadas pelo governo e pelo sistema político, em geral, para enfrentá-los. ENSINO SUPERIOR -PROGRAMA GOVERNAMENTAL -UNIVERSIDADE PÚBLICA -RAÇA ABSTRACT ACCESS OF BLACKS TO PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES. In this article, I will restrict analysis of the movement for affirmative action to the country's higher education system, the militants' demands most targeted sector, and, for that same reason, responsible for the middle class character of those actions. As we shall see, the Brazilian political system responded to such demands almost immediately, both the government and politicians, although these demands still encounter strong resistance in civil society. My purpose is to understand the motives for such contrasting reactions.

This study aims to describe the characteristics of patients at a temporomandibular dysfunction and orofacial pain outpatient clinic and to discuss the insertion of nursing care in this service. A questionnaire based on the steps of the Nursing Process was applied to a sample of 150 patients attended from May to August 2003. Patients from both genders and aged between 12 and 77 years old were sequentially admitted to the study. Population data revealed that a majority was female (85%); the predominant age was from 21 to 60 years old (76%); only 3% did not present any formal instruction. The nursing role introduced in this multidisciplinary clinic created conditions to assess demographic and epidemiologic data, identify user needs and develop self-care abilities and attitudes. The proposed model made is possible to organize data collection and promote research.

The aim of this study was to assess the shape of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular eminence and the articular disc configuration and position in patients with disc displacement. TMJ magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 14 patients with bilateral disc displacement without unilateral reduction were analyzed. Articular eminence morphology was characterized as box, sigmoid, flattened, or deformed. Articular disc configuration was divided into biconcave, biplanar, biconvex, hemiconvex or folded, and its position, as "a" (superior), "b" (anterosuperior), "c" (anterior) or "d" (anteroinferior). The images were divided and the sides with disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and without reduction (DDWOR) were compared. Regarding articular eminence shape, the sigmoid form presented the greatest incidence, followed by the box form, in the DDWR side, although this was not statistically significant. In the DDWOR side, the flattened shape was the most frequent (p = 0.041). As to disc configuration, the biconcave shape was found in 79% of the DDWR cases (p = 0.001) and the folded type predominated in 43% of the DDWOR cases (p = 0.008). As to disc position, in the DDWR side, "b" (anterosuperior position) was the most frequent (p = 0.001), whereas in the DDWOR side, "d" (anteroinferior position) was the most often observed (p = 0.001). The side of the patient with altered disc configuration and smaller shape of TMJ articular eminence seems to be more likely to develop non-reducing disc displacement as compared to the contralateral side.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial disease. For this reason, it is difficult to obtain an accurate and correct diagnosis. In this context, conservative treatments, including therapeutic exercises classified as stretching, relaxation, coordination, strengthening and endurance, are oftentimes prescribed. Objective: Thus, the aim of the present article was to conduct a literature review concerning the types of exercises available and the efficacy for the treatment of muscular TMD. Methods: The review included researches carried out between 2000 and 2010, indexed on Web of Science, PubMed, LILACS and BBO. Moreover, the following keywords were used: Exercise, physical therapy, facial pain, myofascial pain syndrome, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Studies that did not consider the subject "TMD and exercises", used post-surgery exercises and did not use validated criteria for the diagnosis of TMD (RDC/TMD) were not included. Results: The results comprised seven articles which proved therapeutic exercises to be effective for the treatment of muscular TMD. However, these studies are seen as limited, since therapeutic exercises were not applied alone, but in association with other conservative procedures. In addition, they present some drawbacks such as: Small samples, lack of control group and no detailed exercise description which should have included intensity, repetition, frequency and duration. Conclusion: Although therapeutic exercises are considered effective in the management of muscular TMD, the development of randomized clinical trials is necessary, since many existing studies are still based on the clinical experience of professionals.Keywords: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Myofascial pain syndromes. Physical therapy modalities. Exercise.Introdução: a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é uma doença multifatorial, geralmente com evolução benigna. Por esse motivo, é difícil a obtenção de um diagnóstico inicial preciso e correto, levando a um consenso na prescrição de tratamentos conservadores, entre eles, os exercícios terapêuticos, que são classificados em exercícios de alongamento, relaxamento, coordenação, fortalecimento e resistência. Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura dos trabalhos que apresentam os tipos de exercícios disponíveis e sua eficácia para o tratamento das DTM musculares. Métodos: foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico, de 2000 a 2010, nas bases se dados Web of Science, PubMed, LILACS e BBO, cruzando os seguintes descritores: exercise, physical therapy, facial pain, myofascial pain syndrome e temporomandibular joint disfunction syndrome. Foram excluídos os trabalhos que não consideravam o tema exercícios e DTM, utilizavam exercícios pós-cirúrgicos e que não utilizavam critérios validados para o diagnóstico da DTM (RDC/TMD). Resultados: resultaram sete artigos, que mostraram que os exercícios terapêuticos foram efetivos para o tratamento de DTM muscular. No entanto, uma das limitações desses estu...