Iron deficiency is a frequent and multifactorial disorder in the career of athletes, particularly in females. Exercise-induced disturbances in iron homeostasis produce deleterious effects on performance and adaptation to training; thus, the identification of strategies that restore or maintain iron homeostasis in athletes is required. Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that degrades the ferroportin transport channel, thus reducing the ability of macrophages to recycle damaged iron, and decreasing iron availability. Although it has been suggested that the circulating fraction of hepcidin increases during early post-exercise recovery (~3 h), it remains unknown how an acute exercise bout may modify the circulating expression of hepcidin. Therefore, the current review aims to determine the post-exercise expression of serum hepcidin in response to a single session of exercise. The review was carried out in the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and SPORTDiscus databases, using hepcidin (and “exercise” or “sport” or “physical activity”) as a strategy of search. A total of 19 articles were included in the review after the application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. This search found that a single session of endurance exercise (intervallic or continuous) at moderate or vigorous intensity (60–90% VO2peak) stimulates an increase in the circulating levels of hepcidin between 0 h and 6 h after the end of the exercise bout, peaking at ~3 h post-exercise. The magnitude of the response of hepcidin to exercise seems to be dependent on the pre-exercise status of iron (ferritin) and inflammation (IL-6). Moreover, oxygen disturbances and the activation of a hypoxia-induced factor during or after exercise may stimulate a reduction of hepcidin expression. Meanwhile, cranberry flavonoids supplementation promotes an anti-oxidant effect that may facilitate the post-exercise expression of hepcidin. Further studies are required to explore the effect of resistance exercise on hepcidin expression.

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Introduction: Physical activity, health-related quality of life, self-concept and body-mass index are indicators of a healthy lifestyle. Objective: To determine the levels of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle, the health-related quality of life, the physical self-concept and the body-mass index in Colombian middle and highschool students. Materials and methods: We included 1,253 students between 10 and 20 years of age (601 men and 652 women) in the study. We used the following instruments for the measurements: A weighing machine, a stadiometer, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12®), and the Physical Self-concept Questionnaire in its Spanish version. Results: The statistical analysis showed higher levels in the body-mass index among female students and higher scores for the physical condition, self-concept and competence among male students, with meaningful statistical differences (p<0,05). Additionally, women had higher scores in moderate and vigorous physical activity, while men had higher scores in walking. Men got higher scores in the dimension of health-related quality of life, except in the social function, which differed significantly from the general health, emotional role, mental health, and vitality dimensions. Conclusions: We found a relation between the body-mass index and the physical condition and competence self-concept, as well as between body-mass index and general health, physical function, mental health and vitality. We also found a relation between a sedentary lifestyle and general health, body pain, and physical role.

RESUMEN:Este trabajo es una propuesta didáctica diseñada desde la perspectiva metodológica de la pedagogía de la aventura, la cual tiene como objetivo educar en y a través de las actividades en la naturaleza, para llevarla a cabo en el contexto escolar y desarrollarla en el primer o segundo ciclo de primaria de Educación Física, siempre teniendo como enfoque el aprendizaje experiencial. Para ello nos hemos centrado en las Habilidades Motrices Básicas (HMB) como contenido principal, las cuales se enseñarán de manera lúdica a través del juego de rol como proyecto interdisciplinar. Las actividades que aquí se proponen, se dividen en dos sesiones. Una primera, en la que se enseñará a los alumnos algunas herramientas necesarias para poder llevar a cabo la segunda sesión, que será el gran juego de rol, el cual se realizará fuera del centro educativo de manera coordinada con otras áreas, que aprovecharán el elemento lúdico del juego para impartir contenidos de las mismas. De manera específica desde el departamento de Educación Física se aprenderán las HMB Palabras clave: Pedagogía de la Aventura; Juego de rol; Habilidades Motrices Básicas; Orientación; Gamificación.ABSTRACT: This Work is a didactic proposal designed to carry it out in the school context, and develop it in the first or second cycle of elementary education in Physical Education. For this we have focused on the Basic Motor Skills (HMB) as the main content, which will be taught in a playful way through role play. The activities proposed here are divided into two sessions, a first one, where students will work on some necessary tools to be able to perform the second session, which will be the Great Role Play, which will be taught outside the school in a coordinated way with other areas, which will take advantage of the playful element of the game to teach contents of the same and from the Department of Physical Education in turn to teach HMB.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on: (i) psychological responses of subjective vitality and mood; (ii) performance through a Wingate test; and (iii) rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reported after a Wingate test. Methods: Fifteen male participants (22.60 ± 2.16 years) ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose) supplementation in two experimental sessions. After 60 min from supplement intake, participants fulfilled two questionnaires, which measured subjective vitality and mood state, respectively. Subsequently, participants’ performance was assessed through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of RPE at general, muscular, or cardiovascular level. Results: Caffeine supplementation increased some components of mood, as assessed by profile of mood states (POMS) (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were followed by a greater maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Moreover, lower RPE, both at muscular and general levels were reported by participants after the Wingate test. Conclusions: These results suggest that caffeine supplementation exerts positive effects both in psychological and physical domains in trained subjects.

RESUMEN:La satisfacción laboral es un estado emocional sobre la percepción subjetiva de las experiencias laborales de los trabajadores, que afecta directamente en la calidad del servicio prestado. Por ello, El objetivo del estudio analizar la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores de turismo activo y sus condiciones de trabajo, y el efecto de estas en su satisfacción laboral en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía. Para determinar los niveles de satisfacción laboral, se utilizó la herramienta de "Overall Job Satisfaction", de fácil uso y recomendada por el Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales del Estado español. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 218 profesionales del sector del turismo activo andaluz, con una media de edad de 34 años, (73,8% hombres y 26,2% mujeres). De los resultados del presente estudio, podemos concluir que los trabajadores de turismo activo en Andalucía, a modo general, están satisfechos, ejercen su profesión por cuenta propia y son mayoritariamente hombres. Del mismo modo, también podemos decir que la satisfacción de estos trabajadores no guarda relación con las siguientes condiciones laborales: actividad desempeñada en la organización, tipo de contrato, realización de otras funciones propias de la actividad, horas de dedicación semanal o el sueldo percibido. Palabras clave: Ocio; deporte; turismo; trabajador; satisfacción.ABSTRACT: Job satisfaction is an emotional state on the subjective perception of workers' work experiences, which directly affects the quality of the service provided. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the labor satisfaction of active tourism workers and their working conditions, and the effect of these on their job satisfaction in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. To determine the levels of job satisfaction, the "Overall Job Satisfaction" tool, which was easy to use and recommended by the Spanish Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, was used. The sample consisted of 218 professionals from the Andalusian active tourism sector, with a mean age of 34 years (73.8% men and 26.2% women). From the results of the present study, we can conclude that the active tourism workers in Andalusia, in general, are satisfied, practice their profession on their own and are mostly men. In the same way, we can also say that the satisfaction of these workers is not related to the following working conditions: activity performed in the organization, type of contract, performance of other functions of the activity, hours of weekly dedication or the salary received.

The aim was to analyze the effects of cardiorespiratory exercise and air pollution on cognition and cardiovascular markers in four groups of older women: the active/clean air group (AC), the active/polluted air group (AP), the sedentary/clean air group (SC), and the sedentary/polluted air group (SP). Active groups performed a training task based on progressive walking. Prior to and after the experiment, the following parameters were assessed: cognition, by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated by the Six-Minute Walk Test (6mWT); heart rate (HR); and oxygen saturation (SpO2). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the AC and the SP in all the MMSE dimensions except “Registration”, and in all the physiological variables (VO2max, SpO2, HR). Aerobic exercise may be a protective factor against the effects that pollution have on cognition and on the mechanisms of oxygen transport.

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