Effects of Cardiorespiratory Exercise on Cognition in Older Women Exposed to Air Pollution

Sotomayor, Edgardo Molina; Orb, Marcelo González; Fuente, Francisco Pradas de la; Figueroa, Giovanni Carozzi; Sánchez-Oliver, Antonio Jesús; González-Jurado, José Antonio

doi:10.3390/ijerph16020245

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…It has recently been reported that a multi-component physical exercise program did not improve cognitive function in participants with type 2 diabetes, perhaps because of the characteristics of the exercises program and the methodology design [63]. However, our results agree with several recent studies that reported improvements in cognitive deterioration in older women who carried out an aerobic exercise programme [64][65][66][67]. On the other hand, the CG showed a worse cognitive state after the 24-week study period, with a significant decrease in MMSE score (p < 0.001).…”

Section: Glycosylated Haemoglobinsupporting

confidence: 86%

Changes in Cognitive Function and in the Levels of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Older Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjected to a Cardiorespiratory Exercise Programme

et al. 2020

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Ageing and diabetes are recognised as important risk factors for the development of cognitive deterioration. The aim was to analyse the effects of a walking-based training programme on cognitive deterioration and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in older women with type 2 diabetes. This was a six-month experimental and longitudinal study with an experimental group (EG) (n = 57) and a control group (CG) (n = 52). All participants were diabetic with hypoglycaemic treatment. EG carried out a walking-based training program. After the training, we evaluated the diabetic state (HbA1c), cognitive functioning with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and body mass index (BMI). Results: EG obtained better results than CG in all the analysed variables. EG showed a significant improvement in the levels of HbA1c (−4.5%; p < 0.001), VO2max (+5.9%; p < 0.001) and BMI (−5.4%; p < 0.001); it also obtained increases in the scores of cognitive functioning, which were statistically significant in all dimensions, except for calculation (p = 0.384) and language (p = 0.168). Conclusion: The aerobic treatment produced significant improvements in the diabetic state and cognitive functioning in older women with type 2 diabetes.

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Section: Glycosylated Haemoglobinsupporting

confidence: 86%

Changes in Cognitive Function and in the Levels of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Older Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjected to a Cardiorespiratory Exercise Programme

et al. 2020

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“…On the other hand, resistance training and clean air (AC group) showed the best results in muscular strength, with statistically significant differences with respect to the sedentary groups (SC and SP), and it also obtained better results than the AP group (who carried out the same training programme), especially in upper limb strength, where the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.5). These results are in line with those of studies which demonstrate that physical performance and adaptations to training stimuli are lower in environments of high air pollution [24,54], specifically in muscular strength, hence a recent study suggested that air pollution might be an important risk factor of poorer health and functional status as indicated by hand-grip strength [28].…”

Section: Muscular Strengthsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Therefore, some evidence indicates that interventions to mitigate IGF-1 deficiency (i.e., exercise programmes) would improve cognitive state, however, it seems that further investigation is needed to know if this association exists between IGF-1 and cognitive impairment. It is known that aerobic exercise can be a protective factor against the effects of air pollution, increasing cognition and the mechanisms of oxygen transport [ 24 ]. In a similar way, muscular strength training could be an effective stimulation to improve cognitive function in older adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution

Sotomayor

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Martínez‐Salazar

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a muscular strength programme on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive status in elder women with mild cognitive impairment who lived in areas of high air pollution. A total of 157 women participated in the study, distributed in four groups: Active/Clean (AC n = 38) and Active/Pollution (AP n = 37), who carried out a progressive resistance training programme for 24 months, and Sedentary/Clean (SC n = 40) and Sedentary/Pollution (SP n = 42). Maximum strength in the upper and lower limbs (1RM), cognition (Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE)) and blood IGF-1 were evaluated. At the beginning of the intervention, there were no differences between the groups in the assessed variables. The active groups which carried out the resistance training programme (AC and AP), registered better results in IGF-1 than the sedentary groups. These differences were statistically significant in AC vs. SC (p < 0.01) and AP vs. SC (p < 0.05). Regarding MMSE, group AC registered the highest score increases (+8.2%) (significantly better than the other groups), while group SP worsened (−7%) significantly compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, resistance training had a positive effect on IGF-1, while sedentary behaviour and air pollution had a negative effect on cognitive status.

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“…One short-term study explored the effects of exercise in different environments, while the results indicated that one 15-min bout of walking or jogging with or without air pollutants did not appear to affect participants' emotions (Han, 2020 ). There are also studies using aerobic and resistance training under the air pollutants conditions on cognition status (Molina-Sotomayor et al, 2019 , 2020 ), and their findings tended to show that exercise may be serve as a protective factor against the effects that pollution has on cognition. However, most of these studies use evaluation methods such as blood parameters or mental scales, and there is little research on the mechanism of cognitive function changes.…”

Section: Research Hotspots and Application Fields Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic

et al. 2022

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Physical exercise (PE) brings physiological benefits to human health; paradoxically, exposure to air pollution (AP) is harmful. Hence, the combined effects of AP and PE are interesting issues worth exploring. The objective of this study is to review literature involved in AP-PE fields to perform a knowledge-map analysis and explore the collaborations, current hotspots, physiological applications, and future perspectives. Herein, cluster, co-citation, and co-occurrence analysis were applied using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. The results demonstrated that AP-PE domains have been springing up and in rapid growth since the 21st century. Subsequently, active countries and institutions were identified, and the productive institutions were mainly located in USA, China, UK, Spain, and Canada. Developed countries seemed to be the major promoters. Additionally, subject analysis found that environmental science, public health, and sports medicine were the core subjects, and multidimensional communications were forming. Thereafter, a holistic presentation of reference co-citation clusters was conducted to discover the research topics and trace the development focuses. Youth, elite athletes, and rural population were regarded as the noteworthy subjects. Commuter exposure and moderate aerobic exercise represented the common research context and exercise strategy, respectively. Simultaneously, the research hotspots and application fields were elaborated by keyword co-occurrence distribution. It was noted that physiological adaptations including respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health were the major themes; oxidative stress and inflammatory response were the mostly referred mechanisms. Finally, several challenges were proposed, which are beneficial to promote the development of the research field. Molecular mechanisms and specific pathways are still unknown and the equilibrium points and dose-effect relationships remain to be further explored. We are highly confident that this study provides a unique perspective to systematically and comprehensively review the pieces of AP-PE research and its related physiological mechanisms for future investigations.

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Effects of Cardiorespiratory Exercise on Cognition in Older Women Exposed to Air Pollution

Cited by 11 publications

References 51 publications

Changes in Cognitive Function and in the Levels of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Older Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjected to a Cardiorespiratory Exercise Programme

Changes in Cognitive Function and in the Levels of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Older Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjected to a Cardiorespiratory Exercise Programme

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution

Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic

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