The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a muscular strength programme on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive status in elder women with mild cognitive impairment who lived in areas of high air pollution. A total of 157 women participated in the study, distributed in four groups: Active/Clean (AC n = 38) and Active/Pollution (AP n = 37), who carried out a progressive resistance training programme for 24 months, and Sedentary/Clean (SC n = 40) and Sedentary/Pollution (SP n = 42). Maximum strength in the upper and lower limbs (1RM), cognition (Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE)) and blood IGF-1 were evaluated. At the beginning of the intervention, there were no differences between the groups in the assessed variables. The active groups which carried out the resistance training programme (AC and AP), registered better results in IGF-1 than the sedentary groups. These differences were statistically significant in AC vs. SC (p < 0.01) and AP vs. SC (p < 0.05). Regarding MMSE, group AC registered the highest score increases (+8.2%) (significantly better than the other groups), while group SP worsened (−7%) significantly compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, resistance training had a positive effect on IGF-1, while sedentary behaviour and air pollution had a negative effect on cognitive status.
Objetivo: Analizar las características antropométricas de futbolistas profesionales del club deportivo Ñublense divididos de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el campo de juego. Método: Participaron ciento cincuenta y ocho (n=158) jugadores profesionales de Futbol divididos en Arqueros (AR) Defensas (DEF) Volantes (VOL) y Delanteros (DEL), todos pertenecientes al Club Deportivo Ñublense de la ciudad de Chillan, Chile. Se realizó una valoración de la composición corporal utilizando el fraccionamiento en 5 componentes, somatotipo, índice de masa corporal, suma de seis pliegues cutáneos y la relación músculo-óseo, siguiendo el protocolo de la International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Resultados: En cuanto a la composición corporal se obtuvieron valores porcentuales de Masa Adiposa=21.7%, Masa Muscular=48.9%, Masa Residual=12.4%, Masa Osea=11.4% y Masa Piel=5.2%. En relación al somatotipo se obtuvo una clasificación mesomorfico balanceado con valores medios 2.5-5.4-2.1. Conclusión: Los jugadores profesionales del club de futbol Ñublense de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el terreno de juego, presentan un somatotipo similar al de otros futbolistas nacionales e internacionales, donde predomina el componente mesomórfico balanceado. Sin embargo, se observa una elevación de los porcentajes de masa adiposa (MA) y una menor talla, en comparación a futbolistas internacionales, lo que pueden determinar claras diferencias en el rendimiento respecto a las posiciones de juego en situaciones competitivas. Abstract. Objective: Analyze the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean professional soccer players divided according to the position they occupy in the field of play. Method: One hundred and fifty-eight (n = 158) professional soccer players divided into Archers (AR) Defenses (DEF) Volantes (VOL) and Forwards (FOR), with average Age values (24.2 ±4.76 years, body mass 75.0±7.28 kg and height 175.7±6.32 cm.), All belonging to the Ñublense Sports Club of the city of Chillan, Chile. An assessment of the body composition was made using the 5 component fractionation, somatotype, body mass index, sum of six skinfolds and the muscle-bone relationship, following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry. Results: Regarding body composition, mean values of Adipose Mass = 21.7%, Muscular Mass = 48.9%, Residual Mass = 12.4%, Bone Mass = 11.4% and Skin Mass = 5.2% were obtained. In relation to the somatotype, a balanced mesomorphic classification was obtained with mean values 2.5 - 5.4 - 2.1. Conclusion: According to the position they occupy on the pitch, the professional players of the Ñublense soccer club present a somatotype similar to that of other national and international soccer players, where the balanced mesomorphic component predominates. However, there is an increase in the percentages of adipose mass (AM) and a smaller stature, compared to international soccer players, which can determine clear differences in performance with respect to playing positions in competitive situations.
El rendimiento físico se ha asociado con diferentes variantes genéticas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre características dermatoglíficas y los genotipos ACTN3 y ECA. La muestra la constituyen 82 seleccionados nacionales de diferentes modalidades deportivas de Brasil, Japón y Chile. Los marcadores ACTN3 y ECA se obtuvieron a través de una muestra de saliva y se analizaron mediante el empleo de cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real a partir del iQ5ThermalCycler, BioRad, mientras que para la configuración dermatoglifica se utilizó un lector de huella digital Verifier® 320 LC 2.0. Estos deportistas fueron clasificados en grupos de acuerdo a la configuración de sus patrones dermatoglíficos (A, L, W, D10 y SQTL) en los siguientes grupos: aeróbicos (n= 27); anaeróbicos (n= 55). En cuanto a la frecuencia de aparición de polimorfismos, para ambos grupos predomina el genotipo RX 48,0% y 49,1% de ACTN3, y DI 68,0% y 41,3% para ECA, en los grupos aeróbico y anaeróbico respectivamente. En el grupo aeróbico se observa una asociación muy alta entre ACTN3 con presilla, verticilo y D10 (r=0,90), en el grupo anaeróbico solo observa asociación alta en presilla (r=0,77), para el gen ECA se observan asociaciones moderadas entre presilla, verticilo y D10 (r=0,45), en el grupo aeróbico. Conclusión: Las características dermatoglíficas pueden estar asociados con la variante alélica del gen ACTN3 (RR) y ECA (DI), para perfiles deportivos de carácter anaeróbico. Abstract. Physical performance has been associated with different genetic variants. The objective of this study was to determine the association between dermatoglyphic characteristics and the ACTN3 and ECA genotypes. The sample is established by 82 national teams from different sports modalities in Brazil, Japan and Chile. The ACTN3 and ECA markers were obtained through a saliva sample and was analyzed using the polymerase chain in real time from the iQ5ThermalCycler, BioRad, while a Verifier® 320 LC fingerprint reader was used for the dermatoglyphic configuration. These athletes were classified into groups according to the configuration of their dermatoglyphic patterns (A, L, W, D10 and SQTL) in the following groups: aerobics (n = 27); anaerobic (n = 55). Regarding the frequency in the appearance of polymorphisms, the RX genotype 48.0% and 49.1% of ACTN3 predominated for both groups and DI 68.0% and 41.3% for ACE, in the aerobic and anaerobic groups respectively. In the aerobic group a very high association is observed between ACTN3 with a clip, verticil and D10 (r = 0.90), in the anaerobic group only a high association was observed in the clip (r = 0.77), for the ACE gene they are observed moderate associations between clip, verticil and D10 (r = 0.45), in the aerobic group. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphic characteristics may be associated with the allelic variant of the ACTN3 (RR) and RCT (DI) gene, for sports profiles of an anaerobic nature.
La prevalencia de la obesidad ha ido en un acelerado aumento en todo el mundo convirtiéndose en una de las preocupaciones de salud pública más desafiantes del siglo XXI. La escuela constituye uno de los lugares más favorables a la hora de orientar la conducta del niño mediante estilos de vida saludables, debido al gran número de horas que los estudiantes permanecen en ella y la cantidad de años de su formación académica. El objetivo fue determinar qué tipo de intervención escolar presenta mayores beneficios en la reducción de los índices de obesidad en escolares entre 6 a 12 años. Se revisaron artículos publicados entre los años 2014 y 2020 en las siguientes bases de datos: Sciencedirect, Scielo y Pubmed, utilizando para ello las recomendaciones de la guía PRISMA. Se contabilizaron 656 artículos, tras la eliminación de la lectura de resúmenes (615), lectura de texto completo (41) donde solo 6 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se concluye que los programas de intervención analizados de carácter multimodal, principalmente donde se incluía la actividad física y hábitos alimenticios, son los más efectivos para la reducción de la obesidad en niños entre 6 y 12 años. Palabras clave: Obesidad; Niños; Escuela; Programas Abstract. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing rapidly throughout the world, becoming one of the most challenging public health concerns of the 21st century. The school is one of the most favorable places when it comes to guiding the child's behavior through healthy lifestyles, due to the large number of hours that students remain in it and the number of years of their academic training. The objective was to determine what type of school intervention has the greatest benefits in reducing obesity rates in schoolchildren between 6 and 12 years of age. Articles published between 2014 and 2020 in the following databases were reviewed: Sciencedirect, Scielo and Pubmed, using the recommendations of the PRISMA guide. 656 articles were counted, after the elimination of abstract reading (615), full text reading (41) where only 6 met the inclusion criteria. It is concluded that the multimodal intervention programs analyzed, mainly where physical activity and eating habits were included, are the most effective for reducing obesity in children between 6 and 12 years of age. Key Words: Obesity, Child; School; Program.
Physical activity plays an important role in the well-being and development of adolescents. Physical activity habits expressed in terms of frequency and duration are consistently associated with sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, there is less evidence of the relationship between the type and context of physical activity in adolescents. The aim of this article is to analyze physical activity habits and their relationship with sociodemographic factors in Chilean adolescents. The cross-sectional study consisted of 7,263 adolescents aged between 10 and 20 years old, students from both public and private schools in all regions of Chile. Physical activity habits were examined by means of a self-report questionnaire. The age groups were classified according to the three stages of adolescence (early: 10 to 13, middle: 14 to 16, and late: 17 to 20 years old). Socioeconomic level was established based on the school vulnerability index (SVI) of the school attended by each adolescent. In the study it was obvious to the level of physical activity for the adolescents was below the international recommendations. A statistically significant association can also be found between the sociodemographic factors studied and the physical activity habits reported by the young people. The multivariate regression analysis established that the risk of not achieving the physical activity recommendations was 2.8 times higher in females than in males, 2.4 times higher in the older age groups (14–16 and 17–20 years old) compared to the 10–13-year age range and 1.1 times in the medium and high vulnerability groups than in the low socioeconomic vulnerability group. These findings highlight the importance of considering all these factors holistically whenever designing programs or public policies that promote the development of healthy physical activity habits in adolescents.
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