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Abstract.A rapidly growing number of user and student modeling systems have employed numerical techniques for uncertainty management. The three major paradigms are those of Bayesian networks, the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence, and fuzzy logic. In this overview, each of the first three main sections focuses on one of these paradigms. It first introduces the basic concepts by showing how they can be applied to a relatively simple user modeling problem. It then surveys systems that have applied techniques from the paradigm to user or student modeling, characterizing each system within a common framework. The final main section discusses several aspects of the usability of these techniques for user and student modeling, such as their knowledge engineering requirements, their need for computational resources, and the communicability of their results.

Abstract. Users of computing devices are increasingly likely to be subject to situationally determined distractions that produce exceptionally high cognitive load. The question arises of how a system can automatically interpret symptoms of such cognitive load in the user's behavior. This paper examines this question with respect to systems that process speech input. First, we synthesize results of previous experimental studies of the ways in which a speaker's cognitive load is reflected in features of speech. Then we present a conceptualization of these relationships in terms of Bayesian networks. For two examples of such symptoms-sentence fragments and articulation rate-we present results concerning the distribution of the symptoms in realistic assistance dialogs. Finally, using artificial data generated in accordance with the preceding analyses, we examine the ability of a Bayesian network to assess a user's cognitive load on the basis of limited observations involving these two symptoms.

This short paper, adapted from the Extended Abstracts of CHI 2004 by the third author, is reproduced here as a simple example of the use of the L A T E X 2e style file iui05.sty. Simply replace each part of the paper with your own content. Handle figures, tables, and equations with your usual L A T E Xmethods. (For the camera-ready papers for IUI 2005, there will probably be additional instructions and macros to cover these details.) KeywordsWorld-wide web, search, eye tracking

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We present a group recommender system for vacations that helps group members who are not able to communicate synchronously to specify their preferences collaboratively and to arrive at an agreement about an overall solution. The system's design includes two innovations in visual user interfaces: 1. An interface for collaborative preference specification offers various ways in which one group member can view and perhaps copy the previously specified preferences of other users. This interface has been found to further mutual understanding and agreement. The same interface is used by the system to display recommended solutions and to visualize the extent to which a solution satisfies the preferences of the various group members. 2. In a novel application of animated characters, each character serves as a representative of a group member who is not currently available for communication. By responding with speech, facial expressions, and gesture to proposed solutions, a representative conveys to the current real user some key aspects of the corresponding real group member's responses to a proposed solution. Taken together, these two aspects of the interface provide complementary and partly redundant means by which a group member can achieve awareness of the preferences and responses of other group members: an abstract, complete, graphical representation and a concrete, selective, human-like representation. By allowing users to choose flexibly which representation they will attend to under what circumstances, we aim to move beyond the usual debates about the relative merits of these two general types of representation.

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