A compact, high-repetition table-top EUV source, based on a gas-puff target, is presented. This source was developed in our group and is capable of emitting quasi-monochromatic radiation at 13.8 nm wavelength with the inverse relative bandwidth of 140 and pulse energies up to similar to 1.3 mu J/pulse at 10-Hz repetition rate. The source is debris-free, operates near the lithographic wavelengths and offers the energy density of similar to 0.4 mJ/cm(2) in each EUV pulse. These three features make the source attractive for lithographic experiments. The timing optimization of the source, its energy per pulse, spectral and spatial distributions are pointed out in detail as well as the enhancement in energy density achievable with a multi-layer collector mirror compared to a planar mirror of equal reflectivity
Corrosion is constantly a major problem of the world economy in the field of metal products, metal processing and other areas that utilise metals. Previously used compounds utilizing hexavalent chromium were amongst the most effective materials for corrosion protection but regulations have been recently introduced that forbid their use. Consequently, there is a huge drive by engineers, technologists and scientists from different disciplines focused on searching a new, more effective and environmentally-friendly means of corrosion protection. One novel group of materials with the potential to solve metal protection problems are sol-gel thin films, which are increasingly interesting as mitigation corrosion barriers. These environmentally-friendly and easy-to-obtain coatings have the promise to be an effective alternative to hexavalent chromium compounds using for anti-corrosion industrial coatings. In this review the authors present a range of different solutions for slow down the corrosion processes of metallic substrates by using the oxides and doped oxides obtained by the sol-gel method. Examples of techniques used to the sol-gel coating examinations, in terms of anti-corrosion protection, are also presented.
An ability to form symbiotic associations with rhizobia and to utilize atmospheric nitrogen makes legumes ecologically successful. High iron content in legume grains, partially relocated from root nodules, is another-nutritional-advantage of this group of plants. The ferritin complex is the major cell iron storage and detoxification unit and has been recognized as a marker of many stress-induced responses. The possible participation of ferritin in nodule formation and functioning was investigated here. Correlation of increased accumulation of both ferritin polypeptide and mRNA with actual in situ localization of ferritin allowed ferritin synthesis in the developing, indeterminate-type root nodules to be related to differentiating bacteroid tissue. This kind of tissue, in contrast to the determinate-type nodules, is present in lupin nodules at almost all stages of their development. Interestingly, it was found that, in this type of nodule, senescence starting in the decaying zones induces ferritin accumulation in younger, still active, tissues. Based on the presented data, and in correlation with previous results, some aspects of the regulation of expression of lupin ferritin genes are also discussed.
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